西宁方言“说”“说着”的语法化

The Grammaticalization of ■(说)and ■(说着) in Xining Dialect

西宁方言从言说动词语法化来的■(说)、 ■(说着)除了作为引语标记外,■还发展出自我表述功能,■、 xua~0(话)有“重申”和“强调”的功能,■同时具有示证功能;另外,西宁方言的■(傢说)也语法化为引语标记。跨语言比较研究表明,言说动词语法化为引语等标记有一定的普遍性。西宁方言的■的使用和语序特点、语法化路径是自身演变和语言接触共同作用的结果。

The grammatical markers■(说)and■(说着)in Xining dialect are grammaticalized from saying verbs■and■.While■is a morphological form of self-expression meaning“to think”or“to intend”,the saying verb■(说着)has become a psychological verb.In addition,■and xua~0(话)can also mean“to reiterate”or“to emphasize”.Although they are both grammarticalized from saying verbs,xua~0 has gone a step further and can no longer be used as a say verb.Another function of■and■is quotative marker.■marks indirect speech whereas■marks direct speech.Meanwhile,the latter can also mark indirect speech though the former cannot mark direct speech according to the investigation of Xining dialect.■and■can also be used as evidential markers to mark different sources of information,which will not be discussed in this paper.Another marker■(傢说)in Xining dialect is often placed at the end of a sentence and can be used as a quotative marker,which is differrent from the■at the beginning of a sentence.The Xining dialect has a deep connection with the surrounding SOV languages.Given the positive correlation between SOV constituent order and postposition,it is not surprising that the quotative markers■and■are postpositive,which are compatible with the typology of constituent order and adposition of Xining dialect.The grammarticalization and the constituent order of■and■in Xining dialect are not only a result of language contact,but also a internal change of the dialect itself.