基于价值特征的三星堆遗址公园研究

Research on Sanxingdui Site Park Based on Value Characteristics

三星堆遗址是跨越新石器时代和青铜时代三种文化的典型遗址,也是三星堆文化的中心都城遗址,该遗址对于研究成都平原和四川盆地先秦文化的演进过程,认识三星堆文化时期四川古代国家的历史,以及探索传说时代古代蜀国的面貌都有重要意义,是一处适合建设国家考古遗址公园的重要遗址。遗址地表还保存了三星堆文化城址的轮廓,大型建筑台基也耸立地表,发现了掩埋神庙内部像设和陈设的场地和坑穴,出土了大量珍贵文物,公众知名度很高,具有规划和建设国家考古遗址公园的条件。三星堆遗址公园建设重点在城址的西北小城城墙、西南小城的三星堆残堆和一、二号埋藏坑、以及通往两处的参观道路等展示设施建设,向公众开放并被列入首批国家考古遗址公园已经十多年,根据最新考古资料概括三星堆遗址文化进程、空间布局、特点价值和遗址公园建设存在问题,提出遗址公园未来规划建设总体思路的意见建议,有助于今后做好三星堆博物馆与三星堆国家考古遗址公园的一体化建设,使三星堆遗址公园能够呈现“法天象地”的城市规划思想,体现三星堆国家的政治宗教特色。

Sanxingdui site is a typical site spanning the Neolithic Age and Bronze Age,and it is the central capital site of Sanxingdui culture.The site is a suitable place for building a national heritage park as it bears significant implications for studying the pre-Qin culture in Chengdu Plain and Sichuan Basin,understanding the history of ancient states in Sichuan during the Sanxingdui period,and exploring the ancient Shu State in the legendary era.At Sanxingdui site,the boundaries of a city representing Sanxingdui culture can still be found on the ground surface,where large foundations for buildings were erected.Venues and pits where statues and items displayed inside a temple for worshipping gods were buried have been discovered.Many precious ancient artefacts have been excavated.As Sanxingdui site are well known to the public,it is well positioned to be a national heritage park.The development of Sanxingdui Heritage Park focused on the small city wall in the northwest of the site,Sanxingdui ruins in the small city in the southeast of the site,Pits 1 and Pits 2 and the roads connecting them for visitors,as well as other facilities for exhibitions.As one of the oldest national heritage parks in China,Sanxingdui Heritage Park has been open to the public for more than ten years.Based on the latest archaeological information,this study summarized the cultural evolution,spatial layout,characteristics and values of Sanxingdui site as well as existing problems in the development of the national heritage park.Suggestions were proposed regarding the general paths to the planning and development of the heritage park,which may contribute to the future development of Sanxingdui Heritage Park.Three types of cultures can be found at different places of Sanxingdui site,namely,Baodun village culture,Sanxingdui culture,and Twelve Bridge culture.From the outer to the inner city,and then from the inner to the northern city,three significant eras in the development history of Sanxingdui Ruins may be identified in sequence.The city of Sanxingdui culture found at Sanxingdui site was built on a sloped terrain due to the water fow constraint,facing towards the fowing rivers.Built on both banks of Mamu River,the city had a secular zone in its north and religious zone in its south.Its citizens worshipped the sun.The gods worshipped centered around three giant statues which had human’s head and bird’s body.Signage for boundaries,routes for visitors,different exhibition areas,focuses of exhibitions,and guidance designs of Sanxingdui Heritage Park should embody these characteristics of the relics and culture.Due to management failure of the river passing through the city after the collapse of Sanxingdui state,the central and northern parts of the ancient city were destroyed by the fooded river.The protected zones and key protected zones should be reduced,for cultural heritage protection.Moreover,areas with and without buried cultural heritage should be strictly distinguished from each other and treated differently during the planning and development of the heritage park.Ownership of the land where the most important relics are located,such as the city walls,palace,and temple for worshipping the gods,should be transferred while the use of such land should be specified,too.Consistent landscaping and standardized signage and exhibitions should be developed across the site.Proper guidance should be provided to control the food-destroyed areas in the city,where rice may be planted to form a contrast and comparison against the areas with cultural deposits in the city.Through such planning and designs,and through the integration with Sanxingdui Museum,Sanxingdui Heritage Park is bound to demonstrate the ideology for city planning,which emphasizes building the harmony between nature and human habitat,and highlights the political and religious features of Sanxingdui state.