遗产要素真实性支撑下的钓鱼城突出普遍价值论要

Discussions about the Outstanding Universal Value of Diaoyucheng Supported by Authentic Heritage Elements

钓鱼城作为川渝山城防御体系的典型代表,突出普遍价值(OUV)的研究成为申遗过程中的关键因素。2004年以来,钓鱼城遗址发掘出来的古地道、石照县衙、南一字城、范家堰、九口锅、大天池、大草房、薄刀岭、马鞍山、始关门、护国寺、土地岩、武道衙门和皇宫遗址等14处宋元山城遗址点,基本能够重构宋元战争时期钓鱼城的空间格局。其中,古地道是蒙元军队学习华夏地下突击战术并被考古发现的唯一一条攻城地道;南“一字城”是《元史·宪宗本纪》记载的实物证据,也证明了钓鱼城是“一字城”的发明地;范家堰是合州署衙;大草房是钓鱼城存在僧药的真实证据;薄刀岭坐实了利用自然地势略加改造形成防御工事的智慧;特别是皇宫遗址,虽然以现存的小地名命名,其8万平方米的范围,超规制的建筑群落,性质有待深入研究。本文基于考古成果,在遗产要素与载体梳理、真实性重构的基础上对钓鱼城的遗产价值进行挖掘与研究,并且从文化本底的形胜理念、选址与布局等三方面对宋人的山水认知与空间营造的防御智慧予以总结。同时,站在人类文明演进的高度,13世纪游牧与农耕民族的冲突,特别是宋和元在秦岭到长江的巨大空间范围内、长达半个多世纪的战争,钓鱼城成了这一冲突与交融过程的重要见证,也是中华统一多民族国家形成与发展过程的关键证据和重要节点。基于以上价值认知,钓鱼城的遗产价值应符合世界遗产突出普遍价值的第(iv)和第(vi)条标准。

Diaoyucheng(or Diaoyu Fortress)represents a classical city defense system built on a hill which can be found in Sichuan and Chongqing region.Studies on its outstanding universal value(OUV)play an important role in the application for it to be listed as one of the world heritage sites.Since 2004,the Institute of Cultural Heritage and Archaeology of Chongqing has been continuously conducting large-scale archaeological surveys,excavations and research work around Diaoyucheng for almost 19 years.Fourteen archaeological sites of mountain cities of the Song and Yuan dynasties have been excavated,including an ancient tunnel,government building of Shizhao County,Southern Straight-line-shaped City Wall,Nine Pots(remains of military factory),Grand Heaven Lake,Grand Herb House,Thin Knife Hill,Horse Saddle Hill,Huguo Temple,Shiguan Gate,Tudi Rock,Wudao government building,and emperor's palace(Huanggong site),based on which,the spatial layout of Diaoyucheng during the war time of the Song and Yuan dynasties was basically restored.Among these sites,the ancient tunnel was built by the Mongol army of Yuan based on the underground assault tactics they learnt from the Chinese,and it was discovered by the archaeologists as the only tunnel used for attacking the city.Southern Straight-line-shaped City Wall is strong evidence for what was recorded in the History of Yuan·Bibliography of Emperor Xianzong(元史·宪宗本纪),and also proves that straight-line shaped city wall was invented in Diaoyucheng.Fanjiayan was where the government building of Hezhou Prefecture was located.The Grand Herb House is strong evidence for the existence of herbal medicine in Diaoyucheng.The Thin Knife Hill site showcases the wisdom in utilizing and slightly altering natural terrain to build a city defense system.The remains of the emperor s palace,which covered an area of 80,o00 square meters,contain clusters of buildings with unusual design and layout,the nature of which is still to be investigated.Archaeological studies have also been carried out on the natural terrain which Diaoyucheng was built on,the knowledge that people of the Song Dynasty had about hills and water bodies,and the transformation of hills and water bodies completed by people of the Song Dynasty.Reviewing the archaeological findings from Diaoyucheng and existing research results,the author identified the following three problems:firstly,there is inadequate review of heritage elements;secondly,no clear temporal or spatial boundaries has been identified;and thirdly,the nature of the heritage site was not accurately defined.By reviewing heritage elements and their carriers,based on authentic restoration,the author explored and studied the heritage value of Diaoyucheng.The author also reviewed the knowledge that Song people had about hills and water bodies and the wisdom Song people demonstrated in building a defense system by utilizing and creating spaces from the following three aspects:the concept of integrating symmetrical building design with nature,site selection,and building layout based on Chinese culture.At the same time,from the perspective of evolution of human civilization,in the 13th century,conflicts between nomadic and farming ethnic groups erupted.In particular,in a vast area spanning from Qin Mountains to Yangtze River,the conflicts between Song and Yuan lasted for almost half a century.Diaoyucheng was an important witness of these conflicts and the integration of different ethnic groups.It is also important evidence and milestone for the establishment and development of a unified multi-ethnic country of China.Based on the above discussions,it is concluded that Diaoyucheng meets the fourth and sixth criteria for assessing the OUV of world heritage sites.Keywords:Diaoyucheng site,archaeology,heritage element,authentic restoration,outstanding universal value,World Heritage.