北洋大学西沽校园规划与建设——1930年代未竟之“新计划”考

Historical Records of Xigu Campus,National Peiyang University:A Study on the Uncompleted New Plan in the 1930s

设计与建造于19世纪末至20世纪上半叶的中国近代大学校园,奠定了我国大学建设发展的物质根基,时至今日多已成为各大知名学府中最具文化历史底蕴的区域部分。本文聚焦“中国近代第一所国立大学”——北洋大学,以其西沽武库校园的规划建设历史主线为研究对象,在系统检索相关的档案机构及近代古籍数据库中的史料信息基础上,分析和考辨1930年代校园“新计划”及其相关佚名设计图的史料线索,补述相关北洋毕业生与学校教员等“北洋人”,以及墨菲、门德尔松、阎子亨、杨廷宝等近代建筑师,在西沽校园建设中的活跃轨迹。结合对校园建成形态背后的设计思想源从与社会历史动因的考察,对其中起关键作用的决策者和设计师的贡献以重新审视。

Modern campuses of China’s universities designed and built at the end of the 19th century and in the first half of the 20th century constitute the material foundation for the establishment and development of universities in China.Today,they have become areas with the most significant cultural and historical implications in many famous universities.It should be noted that due to many restrictions imposed by the unstable society at that time,as well as impacts of the dynamics in the campus planning and construction process,many original design ideas,which were quite ambitious and smart,gradually disappeared or came to a sudden stop during the designing and construction process.This results in interesting differences between the original historical designs and real existing campuses as cultural relics.Focusing on the first state owned university of modern China—National Peiyang University(with the English name of Imperial Tientsin University during the period of the Beiyang government,National Peiyang University during the period of the Republic of China,Peiyang University during a period after the founding of the People’s Republic of China,and Tianjin University now),the authors studied the history relating to the design and construction of Wuku Campus at Xigu.After reviewing the records,archives and database of historical books published in modern China,as well as the historical facts,the authors identified that the New Plan drafted for National Peiyang University in the 1930s directly resulted in the construction of the South Building and North Building in National Peiyang University,which are still standing today.By analyzing the New Plan from its beginning to the end,the authors discovered that this plan was to upgrade and expand existing space on the campus and was linked to the development plans for disciplines of the university.It can be said that the New Plan was the first part of a master plan aiming to develop National Peiyang University from an engineering-focused university into a multi-disciplinary university covering science,engineering,law,and medicine.With the assistance of many graduates and employees of National Peiyang University,Cai Yuanze and Li Shutian—presidents of the university—designed many buildings and environmental projects in the New Plan and implemented the design.The locations,forms,and scales of construction projects were continuously adjusted as required based on the conditions at that time.The South Building(Engineering School)and the North Building(Engineering Labs)were completed eventually and have become cultural relics on today’s campus.This paper re-establishes the original dynamics and scenario in history in modern China’s universities,explores the uncompleted projects beyond existing buildings,and recovers original blueprints refecting great ambitions.This can help to develop richer,three-dimensional understandings about cultural relics on the campuses of universities in modern China,as well as establishing more comprehensive and in-depth knowledge about value.Therefore,this paper provides positive implications for the protection,repair and renovation of cultural relics.