mRNA疫苗递送系统研究进展

Research progress of mRNA vaccine delivery system

信使核糖核酸(messenger ribonucleic acid, mRNA)疫苗具备亚单位疫苗和减毒活载体的特点,可以同时诱导体液及细胞免疫且易于规模化生产,因此在传染病领域和重大疾病治疗领域都极具应用前景。生物医药领域深耕mRNA疫苗技术已数十年,新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情的暴发及大流行极大促进了mRNA疫苗的上市进程。运用脂质体纳米粒(lipid nanoparticle, LNP)技术将编码新型冠状病毒刺突蛋白抗原信息的mRNA递送至宿主细胞的新型冠状病毒肺炎mRNA疫苗成功上市,并显示出良好的安全性及有效性。与此同时,mRNA疫苗的关键技术——递送系统的开发,也成为了目前国内外开发mRNA技术的“兵家必争之地”,国内外对于包括LNP在内的多种递送技术正在积极开发中,拥有自主知识产权、安全有效的递送技术将是未来推进mRNA产品上市及获得效益的关键。本文就mRNA疫苗递送系统及研究情况做一综述。

Messenger ribonucleic acid(mRNA) vaccine is characteristic of subunit vaccines and live attenuated vectors. It can simultaneously induce humoral and cellular immunity, and has the advantage of easy to produce on a large scale. Therefore, great application prospects are seen in the field of infectious diseases and the treatment of major diseases. In the field of biomedicine, mRNA vaccine has been deeply cultivated for decades. With the outbreak of the COVID-19 epidemic and the pandemic, the process of listing mRNA vaccines has been greatly accelerated and promoted. The COVID-19 mRNA vaccines, with lipid nanoparticles(LNPs) as the carrier which deliver the mRNA encoding the COVID-19 spike protein antigen information to host cells, were successfully launched, showing good safety and efficacy. Meanwhile, the development of the delivery system, as the key technology of mRNA vaccines, has also become a “battlefield” for the development of mRNA technology. Various delivery technologies, including LNPs, are being actively developed in China and abroad. Safe and effective delivery with independent intellectual property rights will become the key to promote the marketing of mRNA products, which will obtain benefits in the future. This article reviews the mRNA vaccine delivery system and research progress.