从人性到对立——论施米特对政治的溯源

From Natur to Gegensatz——On Schmitt’s Approach to Politics

施米特借助神学人类学重新阐释原罪,认为人类因主张和捍卫自主生活而视上帝为敌人,人神对立仅仅关乎根本的存在形式,所以是“政治性对立”。原罪决定了人性本恶,也就决定了政治根植于人性,是生活的根本维度和基本特性。所以,政治性对立本质上是人之存在形式的对立;而政治只能在这种对立的层面上展现自身,并通过“敌友之分”的标准得到把握。

By analyzing“Friend and Enemy”,Carl Schmitt traces back to a“Meta-opposition”which is the origin and form of politics and reveals that the logic of the“Meta-opposition”is crucial to his understanding of politics.Schmitt re-interprets human’s evil nature through a theological-anthropological method that the original sin is essentially human’s betrayal to God,from which he distinguishes a special opposition between human’s autonomy and God’s sovereignty:to demand and defend autonomous life,human regards God as an enemy.Therefore,the opposition is“political opposition”for it is only related to the fundamental form of existence.Due to the original sin,politics is rooted in human nature,presented essentially as oppositions of the fundamental form of existence,and can be grasped through the simple criterion of“friend and enemy”.