自甘风险规则的裁判思路构建——以《民法典》第1176条第1款为解释文本

The Construction of the Referee Thinking of the Self-willed Risk Rule——Take the First Paragraph of Article 1176 of the Civil Code as the Interpretative Text

《中华人民共和国民法典》(以下简称《民法典》)第1176条第1款为新增自甘风险条款,其将适用范围限定于“文体活动”领域。表面看,司法实践从适用范围、裁判规则到裁判结果貌似达成统一共识,实则不然。经由“表”及“里”细究发现,自甘风险规则在司法适用中依然存在主体范围不清、领域边界不明、裁判规则不灵活等难点和问题。笔者认为,自甘风险规则“本土化”时应跳出“受害人同意”“与有过失”等域外理论与经验的藩篱,将目光从行为人“主观认识”转向“行为本身”,从我国侵权责任法律体系中寻找自甘风险完全抗辩的正当性。由此,对自甘风险条款作出三层解读,建构起行为人“无过错——一般过失——重大过失或故意”的责任谱系,并据此阐明自甘风险规则的裁判思路。

The first paragraph of Article 1176 of the Civil Code is a new self-willing risk clause,which limits the scope of application to the field of“cultural and sports activities”.On the surface,judicial practice seems to have reached a unified consensus on the scope of application,adjudication rules and adjudication results,but it is not.Through careful research on the“table”and“inside”,it is found that there are still difficulties and problems in the judicial application of the self-willing risk rule,such as unclear subject scope,unclear field boundaries,and inflexible adjudication rules.The author believes that the“localization”of self-willing risk rules should jump out of the barriers of“victim’s consent”and“mistakes”and other extraterritorial theories and experiences,and turn the attention from the perpetrator’s“subjective understanding”to the“act itself”,and from our country’s infringement The legitimacy of the full defense of self-willed risk in the liability legal system.Therefore,this paper makes a three-level interpretation of the self-willed risk clause,constructs the responsibility spectrum of the actor’s“no fault-general fault-gross negligence or intentional”,and clarifies the judgment thinking of the self-willed risk rule accordingly.