马克思的“犹太人问题”--20世纪西方传记学者的马克思形象评析

Karl Marx’s “Jewish Question”--An Analysis of Marx’s Image by Western Biographers in the 20th Century

马克思的犹太身份以及他对“犹太人问题”的态度,既是理解青年马克思思想发展历程的关键线索,也是马克思形象建构的重要问题。西方学者围绕马克思与犹太人自我意识、马克思与鲍威尔关于“犹太人问题”的辩论以及马克思何以批判犹太人等问题,各自基于材料选择、价值趋向、解读范式等建构了不同形象的马克思。由于历史背景、文献资料、意识形态等局限性,他们所建构的马克思思想形象与理论面貌或多或少存在一定偏差,有些传记甚至存在根本错误。以梅林、伯林和麦克莱伦的马克思传记为核心,同时兼顾其他传记,比较他们的研究,厘清和辨析这些传记学者解读马克思的“犹太人问题”的差别及存在的问题,不仅有助于21世纪马克思传记的建构,也有助于理解马克思主义。

Marx’s Jewish identity and his attitude towards the “Jewish question” are not only the key clue to understand the development of young Marx’s thought,but also an important issue for the construction of Marx’s image. In the more than 170-year history since the birth of Marxism,western scholars have constructed different images of Marx based on the choice of materials,value trends,interpretation paradigms,etc. around Marx and Jewish self-consciousness, the debate between Marx and Bauer on the “Jewish question”,and why Marx criticized the Jews. Due to the limitations of historical background,literature,ideology and so on,the ideological image and theoretical outlook of Marx they constructed are more or less deviated,even fundamentally misinterpreted. With Marx’s biographies by F. Mehring,Isaiah Berlin and David McLellan as the core,taking into account other biographies and comparing their studies,to clarify and distinguish the differences and existing problems in the interpretations of Marx’s “Jewish Question”by these biographers will provide reference for the construction of Marx’s biography in the 21st century,also helps to understand Marxism.