南方粳稻化肥减量增效施用方法研究

Study on Fertilizer Reduction and Efficiency Increase for Japonica Rice in South China

江西省从2009年起开展“籼改粳”引种、示范和推广,至2016年粳稻种植达到一定规模。2015年,农业部在全国部署开展化肥使用量零增长行动,推动化肥减量增效。为探索粳稻化肥减量增效施用技术,并助推“早籼-晚粳”种植模式,于2016年在浮梁县开展了晚粳化肥减量增效施用方法的比较试验。试验设空白对照、农户习惯施肥方法和2种推荐施肥方法4个处理。推荐施肥方法为化肥减量配方施肥。试验结果显示,2种推荐施肥方法中以推荐施肥方法1较好,推荐施肥方法1比农户习惯施肥方法氮磷钾养分总量节省123.9 kg/hm^(2)、稻谷增产608.75 kg/hm^(2)、增加净收入2070.35元/hm^(2),经济效益达到了显著水平。推荐施肥方法1的总偏生产力为13.34、投产比值为6.39,比农户习惯施肥方法分别增38.4%和36.54%。试验表明,推荐施肥方法较农户习惯施肥方法具有明显的节肥增产增收效果,可在当地双季晚粳化肥减量增效生产中推广应用并加以完善。

Since 2009,Jiangxi Province has carried out the plan of introduction,demonstration and extension of japonica rice,and to 2016,the japonica rice planting reached a certain scale in the province.In 2015,the Ministry of Agriculture launched a nationwide campaign of zero growth in the use of chemical fertilizers to promote fertilizer reduction and efficiency increase.To develop the technology of fertilizer reduction and efficiency increase in japonica rice planting and promote the‘early indica-late japonica’rice planting pattern,a field experiment of four treatments was conducted in Fuliang County in 2016.The four treatments were blank control,farmers’conventional fertilization method and two recommended fertilization methods.The recommended fertilization methods were the formula fertilization with fertilizer reduction.The results showed that recommended fertilization method 1 was the best among all treatments.Compared with farmers’conventional fertilization method,the recommended fertilization method 1 saved 123.9 kg/hm^(2) of N,P and K nutrients,increased rice yield by 608.75 kg/hm^(2) and net income by 2070.35 yuan/hm^(2),and achieved significant economic benefits.The recommended fertilization method 1 had a total partial factor productivity of 13.34 and a production ratio of 6.39,which were 38.4% and 36.54% respectively higher than those of farmers’conventional fertilization method.Additionally,the experiment showed that recommended fertilization methods had obvious effects of fertilizer reduction and yield increase,as well as income increase,which could be popularized in local‘early indica-late japonica’rice planting.