农业有机废弃物集中回收处理后资源化利用体系研究——以甘南县兴鲜村为例

Resource Utilization System of Agricultural Organic Waste After Centralized Recovery and Treatment: A Case Study of Xingxian Village in Gannan County

中国东北地区农业废弃物以秸秆和鸡粪为主,其中含有大量的物质和能量资源,也含有大量抗生素和病原菌,处理得当便能“变废为宝”,处理不当便会成为农业生产中最大的污染来源。同时东北地区气候寒冷,废弃物腐熟过程中升温存在困难。利用好氧堆肥过程中的高温腐熟作用可以封闭废弃物表面重金属,降解抗生素,消灭病原菌,也是目前无害化程度最高的处理方式。本研究以兴鲜村作为代表,利用草籽比和养分平衡率对肥料化利用潜力进行估计分析,结合卫星遥感图确定寒地堆肥的选址要素和系统处理方案。预计该村落每年产生的农业有机废弃物总含氮量可以满足454.341 t玉米或474.993 t水稻果实的生产,集中处理后好氧堆肥可产生有机肥400 t。该研究具有一定可实行性,可为东北地区农村农业废弃物的资源化利用和无害化处理提供参考。

The agricultural wastes in northeast China mainly consist of straw and chicken manure, which contain not only a large amount of material and energy resources, but also a large number of antibiotics and pathogenic bacteria. Properly handled, the wastes can be turned into resources, otherwise, they could be the biggest pollution source in agricultural production. Meanwhile, the cold climate in northeast China makes it difficult to raise the temperature in the process of thoroughly decomposing of the wastes. High temperature decomposing in the aerobic composting process can seal heavy metals on the surface of wastes, degrading antibiotics and eliminating pathogenic bacteria. It is regarded as the most harmless treatment method at present. In this study, Xingxian village was taken as the example. The utilization potential of fertilizer was estimated and analyzed by using the grass-seed ratio and nutrient balance ratio. The siting factors and systematic treatment scheme of compost in the cold region were determined by using a satellite remote sensing map. It was estimated that the total nitrogen yield of agricultural organic waste compost in the village could satisfy the production of 454.341 t maize or 474. 993 t rice each year. The aerobic composting could produce400 t of organic fertilizer per year after centralized treatment. This study has certain practicability, and can provide reference for the resource utilization and harmless treatment of rural agricultural wastes in northeast China.