明清时期徽州地区人为灾害的时空变化及其与社会环境的关系

Spatial-temporal Variations of Man-made Disasters and its Relationship with Social Environment during the Ming and Qing Dynasties(1368-1911 AD)in Huizhou Region,East China

对明清时期(公元1368—1911年)徽州地区人为灾害的定量化统计,探讨了人为灾害的时空地域分异特征、饥荒灾害的成因及其社会响应机制,结果表明:徽州地区的人为灾害发生频次随时间呈波浪式变化特征,灾害的变化特征与中国整体上“明清自然灾害群发期”相对应;明清时期徽州地区的人为灾害发生频次从高到低依次为婺源、绩溪、歙县、黟县、祁门、休宁,其中,饥荒灾害的发生频次最高,主要分布在婺源和绩溪;徽州地区的自然条件是粮食短缺的重要原因,而粮食输入受阻等人为因素直接导致了饥荒灾害的发生;徽州地区的饥荒灾害与农业子系统、经济子系统以及社会子系统之间的关系十分密切。

Through searching and collecting relative historical documents,the paper aims to make quantitative and systematical analysis in man-made disasters of Huizhou region during the Ming and Qing Dynasties(1368—1911 AD).On this basis,this paper explores the spatial-temporal differentiation of man-made disasters,and further discusses the causes and social response mechanism of famines.The results are as follows.(1)The occurrence frequencies of man-made disasters had a wavy variation over time,which corresponds to the“mass occurrence period of natural disasters in the Ming and Qing Dynasties”in China as a whole.(2)The most frequent man-made disasters took place in Wuyuan,followed by Jixi,Shexian,Yixian,Qimen and Xiuning.There existed more famines than other man-made disasters,happening mainly in Wuyuan and Jixi.(3)The main causes of grain reduction in Huizhou were caused by natural environment like natural disasters,and the famine was caused by man-made factors.(4)Famines in Huizhou had a close relationship with agricultural system,economic system and social system.If the government aided the victims in time,the famine would end and the society would be stable.Otherwise,it would be not conducive to the social economy,ecological environment and people’s livelihood,and even cause social unrest,leading to the vicious circle among systems.