青年马克思政治概念的“社会化”问题考察

On the “Socialization” of Young Marx’s Concept of Politics

从青年马克思的文本出发,还不足以为认定马克思是一位“去政治”的思想者提供依据。那种认为马克思持有政治、国家终将消亡的观念至今影响很深,其原因主要源自思想史上对马克思所做的“赫斯式的解读”。对青年马克思产生重要影响的赫斯以斯宾诺莎的伦理学为基础,认定国家和宗教根源于单一的理念,从而像批判宗教那样,也同时批判了国家的绝对主义,并提出废除政治的观念。但是,当我们重新进入斯宾诺莎的时候,却能够在马克思的文本中看到不同于赫斯的解读,呈现出的是斯宾诺莎的理念:“政治与人的自由精神最契合”。不过,马克思最终还是将政治重新带回社会,引出了一条社会化理解政治的方案,以达成人能够驾驭社会存在的目的,这显然又超越了斯宾诺莎。

Based on the text of young Marx,it is not enough to conclude that Marx advocates to “depoliticize”.However,the idea that Marx believes in the eventual disappearance of politics and the state has great influence,which is mainly due to the “Hessian interpretation” of Marx in the intellectual history. Based on Spinoza’s ethics, Hess,who had a significant impact upon young Marx,held that both the state and religion were rooted in a single idea. Thus,just as criticizing religion,he also criticized the absolutism of the state and put forward the idea of abolishing politics.However, when re-entered Spinoza, we could see something different from Hess’ interpretation in Marx’s text.Effectively it embodies Spinoza’s idea: “Politics is the best fit with people’s free spirit.” However, Marx finally brings politics back to society and leads to a scheme of a socialized understanding of politics to achieve the purpose of people being able to control social existence. In this way,Marx obviously surpasses Spinoza.