揭开句法学之谜:主-谓二分及成分分析法的由来

Unraveling the Mystery of Syntax: The Origin of Subject-Predicate Dichotomy and Component Analysis

柏拉图采用二分法将句子划为名称成分(ōnoma)和陈述成分(rhēma),亚里士多德将命题分析为主词(hypokeimenon)和谓词(katigoria),阿波罗尼乌斯提出句子的主要部分是名词和动词,这些成为句法学主谓二分的蓝本。5世纪初,罗马学者马提阿努斯首先明确区分句法学上的主语(subjectiva)和谓语(declarativa),影响了9世纪的加洛林学者。8世纪下半叶,阿拉伯学者西巴维希将名词句析为话题和说明,将动词句析为施事和动作。此后的思辨语法(包括摩迪斯泰学派)、普遍语法接受了主谓二分,但未进一步细化。通过对十多部英语语法论著(18-19世纪)的考察,莱恩(1700)首先把逻辑的主谓术语引进英语句子分析,而格林尼(1848)首先建立了细化的英语句子成分分析法。

Plato used a dichotomy to divide a sentence into its name components(ōnoma) and its declarative components(rhēma),Aristotle analyzed a proposition as the combination of a subject(hypokeimenon) and a predicate(katigoria),and Apollonius regarded nouns and verbs as the main parts of a sentence – all of these became the blueprint for the subject-predicate dichotomy in syntax. In the early 5^(th) century, the Roman scholar Martianus proposed the dichotomy of subject(subjectiva) and predicate(declarativa),which influenced French Carolingian scholars in the 9^(th) century. In the second half of the 8^(th) century,the Arab scholar Sibawayhi analyzed a noun sentence into the topic and the description, and a verb sentence into the agent and the action. After that, Speculative Grammar(including Modistae) and Universal Grammar accepted subject-predicate dichotomy, but did not further refine it. Through the examination of more than a dozen works on English grammar(in the 18^(th) and 19^(th) centuries),Lane introduced logical subject-predicate terms into English sentence analysis for the first time(in 1700), while Greene firstly established refined English sentence components analysis(in 1848).