整体性治理视域下少数民族流动人口的城市融入机制

Urban Integration Mechanisms of Ethnic Minority Floating Population from the Perspective of Overall Governance

中国进入了各民族跨区域大流动活跃期。少数民族流动人口作为城镇化与人口迁移过程中的新群体,其自发流动、文化差异、自主就业创业、分散居住等特点,对政府相关职能分散、多主体协同尚未完全达成的当下现实形成了新挑战,也成为当代城市民族事务治理新课题。以整体性治理为视角,推动政府职能整合、部门协同以及政府与社会组织、个体间的跨界合作与良性互动,构建政府、社会、个体三维一体的少数民族流动人口导流与城市融入机制,将有望为少数民族流动人口提供无缝隙公共服务,促进城市多民族互嵌式和谐社会的形成与发展。

Findings show that at present,the main problem of floating populations of ethnic minorities in China is “difficult to integrate”into urban life,which is conceivably reflected in five aspects: economy, society, culture, psychology,and politics. In terms of economy,an ethnic minority floating population usually lacks professional skills or their skill sets are not symmetrical with market demand, resulting in their weak market competitiveness when job hunting,overall low or negative job quality,and low average income. In terms of culture,the floating populations of ethnic minority peoples display insufficient initiative and recognition in learning and internalizing urban social norms,laws and regulations,moral conventions,and urban public culture. In the social aspect,the floating populations of ethnic minorities tend to associate with homogeneous social members(people with a similar ethnic background or share the same hometown) and have a low degree of acceptance of inter-ethnic intermarriage. In terms of psychological issues,they are unwilling to move to cities,and the degree of their identity to the city is not high. In terms of politics,it is difficult for them to participate in urban community elections,democratic political consultation, public governance,and other aspect.The study found that the fundamental reasons for the difficulties of urban integration of ethnic minority floating populations lie in institutional exclusion,cultural shock,and low competitive ability.First,there are some differences between an ethnic minority floating population and urban residents regarding enjoying public resources and urban social welfare because the former don’t have an urban household registration. This system of exclusion or preemptive factors causes a gap between them and city dwellers,which further worsens their feelings of alienation,anxiety,and frustration. Secondly,the original culture,rural culture,farming and animal husbandry culture,and ethnic culture embraced by floating populations of ethnic minorities are quite different from modern metropolitan culture;this makes it difficult for them to quickly adapt to the social norms,values,and culture of the city in a short time. Third,the low comprehensive quality of the ethnic minority floating population makes it difficult for them to have an equal ability to compete with urban residents.Based on the current situation of urban integration of ethnic floating populations,this paper proposes that an urban integration governance mechanism should be designed from the perspective of regulatory governance aimed at solving the fragmentation problem of integration governance.From the perspective of the government, one should build a system of vertical and horizontal integration as well as cross-regional cooperation.Concerning the social dimension,one should construct a cooperation mechanism between government departments,social organizations,and new social enterprises. With regard to the individual dimension,one should come up with a cooperation strategy between government departments and social members to provide efficient and seamless public services,further meet the daily needs of ethnic migrants in cities,stimulate their sense of urban ownership, promote communication, exchanges,and integration with other ethnic groups,and foster their gradual citizenization in economic,political,cultural,social,psychological and other aspects so that they can truly join in urban society and become a real “city person”.