西藏职业教育扶贫:政策溯源、基本状况与SWOT分析

Poverty Alleviation by Vocational Education in Tibet:Policy Traceability,Basic Situation,and SWOT Analysis

职业教育在提高贫困地区人口素质和就业能力、促进贫困地区经济发展、建立贫困地区发展“造血机制”方面具有不可替代的作用。作为全国唯一的省级集中连片贫困区,西藏自治区把教育扶贫作为阻断贫困代际传递的根本举措,大力发展职业教育与培训,积极发挥职业教育在阻止贫困代际传递的作用,实现由“输血式”扶贫向“造血式”扶贫的转变。西藏职业教育扶贫要在现有的基础上,努力探索最适合当前西藏职业教育的扶贫模式,如加大对西藏职业教育的扶贫力度,不断提升西藏职业教育自身扶贫能力,打通最后一公里的驻村扶贫模式、宽口径的职业教育模式、依托优势产业的职业技能培训模式,将职业教育扶贫与乡村振兴紧密结合起来,为巩固脱贫成果、解决相对贫困问题以及实施乡村振兴战略培养“下得去、用得上、留得住”的技能型人才奠定基础。

The current stage of poverty alleviation in Tibet can be called a “hematopoietic”type of poverty eradication. This is mainly shown by the provision of vocational education and vocational skills training for students in vocational schools and villagers in the village aimed at more easily landing a job with the technical skills they have mastered,raise the family income and sustainable poverty alleviation ability. Results indicate that the task of poverty alleviation through vocational education in Tibet has been arduous,with its advantages and disadvantages,as well as opportunities and challenges.The advantage apparently lies in that the final phase of vocational education for poverty alleviation has been comprised of sending cadres to the village for poverty alleviation. Findings demonstrate this has helped farmers and herdsmen improve their labor skills,allowed carrying out ideological instruction,and boosted their faith that vocational education and training can help the whole family get out of poverty. Meanwhile,attractive tourist destinations could provide a large number of employment opportunities for farmers and herdsmen who are receiving vocational training and development. The distinctive natural landscape and unique cultural heritage of Tibet Autonomous Region attracted a large number of domestic and foreign tourists.The disadvantage is that the lack of human capital obstructs poverty alleviation through vocational education;labor skills training cannot fully meet the dual needs of the market and farmers and herdsmen;Tibet ’s vocational poverty eradication seems to be malfunctioning;the development level of vocational education in Tibet is still lagging behind the national average level,and there are still obvious deficiencies in the quality of talent acquisition and regional economic development.The solution — as highlighted by the sixth and seventh Tibet work symposiums — for poverty alleviation in Tibet is vocational education. Continuous support for this for many years has benefited urban and rural development in Tibet. Regarding counterpart support for higher vocational colleges(e. g. Tibet Vocational and Technical College as the leader and representative of vocational education in Tibet),there are more than 20 counterpart support units,including vocational education institutes of the Ministry of Education and higher education publishing houses.The threat lies in the fact that only a handful of graduates of secondary vocational schools get directly employed,while most of the higher vocational school graduates do land a job in provincial capital cities. A low societal recognition of vocational education has led to a limited acceptance of vocational education by children of ordinary households. The overall slow development of vocational education holds back the quality growth of talent training. Moreover,a shortage of vocational teachers and structural imbalances may lead to a lack of practical skills of vocational school graduates when they are employed. An incomplete vocational talent discovery and development system leads to poor social training effects.With this data and information,this research concludes that poverty alleviation through vocational education in Tibet should give full play to its advantages,get the better of weaknesses,take advantage of opportunities, overcome difficulties,and strive to inquire into the most suitable model of poverty alleviation by vocational education based on giving play to its current advantages.