藩属体系视阈下的清代中越关系

China-Vietnam Relationship Based on Vassal System in Qing Dynasty

受传统“天下观”“夷夏观”“服事观”影响,清代中越藩属关系在政治上讲求以“字小事大”为核心的差序格局,具有重“礼”不重“驭”的特征;经济上讲求以“厚往薄来”为准则的朝贡贸易,具有重“义”不重“利”的特征;文化上讲求以“德化四夷”为目标的文化辐射,具有重“文”不重“武”的特征;军事上讲求以“不治夷狄”为追求的军事威慑,具有重“统”不重“治”的特征。到19世纪中叶,随着西方列强的全球扩张,中越传统藩属关系在与西方列强主导的条约体系的交锋中逐渐瓦解,中越分别沦为西方列强的半殖民地和殖民地,走上了寻求民族独立、构建近现代主权国家的道路。中越边界由传统的习惯线向近现代主权国家边界线转变,中越关系也从传统的藩属关系向近现代国家间关系演变。

Influenced by the view of“Tianxia(天下)”,“Yi-Xia(夷夏)”and“Fushi(服事)”,the vassal relationship between China and Vietnam in Qing Dynasty focused on the differential order from political level,emphasizing“rites”rather than“control”.From economic level,the tributary trade based on“giving more and getting less”was implemented,valuing“righteousness”rather than“profit”.From cultural level,it emphasizes cultural diffusion with the purpose of moralizing the ethnic groups around the Central Plains,paying attention to“rites education”rather than“military exploits”.From military level,it pursues the military deterrence instead of“controlling the uncivilized peoples”,emphasizing“unifying”instead of“governing”.By the mid-19 th century,with the global expansion of the Western powers,the traditional vassal relationship between China and Vietnam gradually collapsed.The two countries became semi-colony and colony of Western powers respectively,and strived for national independence and modern sovereign state.The border between them changed from the traditional customary line to the boundary line of modern sovereign states,and their relationship also evolved from the traditional vassal relationship to the modern state-to-state one.