赫尔德的民歌思想及其理论意义

Herder’s Idea of Volkslied and Its Theoretical Significance

德语中的“民歌”概念最先是由赫尔德提出的,这一概念的形成,建立在赫尔德对德语“人民”一词的词义升华的基础上。赫尔德眼中的民歌,核心是自然,同时带有民族性。在风格上,民歌以直抒的创作方式,形成跳跃性、简洁性、戏剧性等特征。赫尔德认为,诗歌是人类语言在早期的自然表达形式,民歌是诗的语言的留存。通过发掘民歌及民歌的价值,赫尔德强调感性的作用和美的多元化,号召德语作家用最熟悉的语言表达最真实的情感。赫尔德的民歌思想形成了一种极具革新性的诗学理论,批判了旧有文学传统,拉开了狂飙突进运动的大幕。

The German concept Volkslied(folk song),first introduced by Johann Gottfried Herder,is derived from the German word Volk(people).The essence of the folk song,as Herder saw it,is about people and nature.Since most folk songs are improvised,they are stylistically characterized by leaps,and are simple and dramatic.For Herder,poetry is the natural form of human language in early stages.Folk songs represent a remnant of poetic language.In discovering the value of folk songs,Herder emphasized the relevance of sensuality and aesthetic variety.He urged German writers to express their innermost feelings in the language most familiar to them.Based on his idea of Volkslied,Herder developed a highly innovative poetic theory that criticized previous poetics and influenced the Storm and Stress Movement.