古代苏毗与苏茹研究的回顾与展望

On the History and Prospect of the Studies on Ancient Sum-pa and Sum-ru

历史上苏毗位于吐蕃西北,与古代象雄、突厥接壤,是青藏高原众多小邦之一。公元7世纪松赞干布征服苏毗十一东岱并建立了“苏茹”(汉文史料称其为“孙波”),授权接管大小朵康思(Mdo-khams-che-chungsum-pa-ru’-lag-sder-bcad),势力逐渐向东北发展。藏文史料中的“Sum-pa”与“Sum-ru”与汉文史书的“苏毗”与“孙伯”是两个不同时期、不同层次的历史概念。后期藏汉史书中相关苏毗或苏茹的历史记载甚少,很多研究者将两个概念混为一谈,致使学界对古代苏毗的历史文化没有形成统一的定论。自伯希和发表《关于吐谷浑与苏毗的称谓》以来,许多学者对“女国”与“苏毗”的关系史展开研究,各抒己见,甚至有学者将汉文史书中的“东西女国”与藏文史书中的“森波邦国”(藏文作“ཟིང་པོ”)等同起来加以论证。详细梳理1921~2018年间发表的国内外学术界有关古代苏毗历史文化的代表性文章,探讨了古代苏毗、森波及突厥等关系史上藏族古氏族“娘氏”(藏文作“མྱང”)的重要地位,并分析了古代苏毗邦国于公元8世纪中叶退出历史舞台的原因。

Sum-pa was one of the small states on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau before being conquered by the Tubo Dynasty.Before and after Srong-bTsan-sGam-Po,Tubo conquered the eleven sTong-sde of Sum-pa and established“Sum-ru”.From then on,Sumpa became a part of the military and political system of Tubo,but there were few historical records about it in the later history books.Until now,scholars have studied the existing historical materials of Sum-pa,and also made a wide range of discussions on the fragments of language.Based on the main papers on the history and culture of ancient Sum-pa in domestic and foreign academic circles from 1921 to 2018,this paper summarizes the research trends in this field,and further points out the deficiencies and discussion of the research on the history and culture of ancient Sum-pa.