汉文文献中“象雄”的名称及其来源考辨

The Name of“Zhang-Zhung”in Chinese Document and Its Origin

据史料证实,象雄是青藏高原的一个古老王国,在文化和经济上与周边地区有密切往来。现存的汉文文献记载,象雄很早就与中原地区有过较为全面的交往交流。《后汉书》和《通典》等汉文史料中对“象雄”的称谓有羊同、杨同、杨童等,后经学者们的探究,认为“羊同”就是“ཞང་ཞུང”在汉文文献中的写法。藏文文献中,“象雄”一词最早出现于敦煌文献P.T.1287和P.T.1288。据后期苯教文献记载“ཞང་ཞུང”一词是象雄语,藏语称“ཁྱུང་ལུང”,意为穹鸟的山谷或有穹鸟的地方。此外,《辛饶尊胜持咒经》中常有“རྒྱུང”“ཞུང”交替使用的现象,而没有“ཁྱུང”“ཞུང”交替的现象,加上རྒྱུང和ཁྱུང在读音上有清浊区别,根据藏文清化的规则可认为“རྒྱུང”是“ཁྱུང”的古代写法。从比较学的视域,运用历史语言学和音韵学的研究方法,通过对比汉藏文献中有关“象雄”的名称记载,分析其语音特点,发现汉文文献中所记载的“象雄”不能与“ཞང་ཞུང”对应,但能与“ཁྱུང་ལུང”对应,是对“ཁྱུང་ལུང”的音译。

Zhang-Zhung was a country or region that once existed on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,and had close cultural and economic relations with the surrounding areas.The existing Chinese documents contain relevant historical records of Zhang-Zhung’s exchanges with the Central Plains.It is a strong evidence of friendly exchanges between Zhang-Zhung and the mainland in the early days,which has certain research significance.In the Hou Han Shu,TongDian and other Chinese documents,the name“Zhang-Zhung”is recorded as“羊同”“杨同”“杨童”and so on.Scholars have also studied its origin,and most of them believed that the word“羊同”is the way for writing“Zhang-Zhung”in Chinese documents.In Tibetan documents,the earliest record of the word“Zhang-Zhung g”is in the Dunhuang documents P.T.1287 and P.T.1288,and the Tibetan language is the word“Zhang-Zhung”.According to some later Bon texts,the word“Zhang-Zhung”is in the Zhang-Zhung language,and in Tibetan it is called“Khyung-Lung”which means the valley of the Khyung bird or the place with the Khyung bird.In addition,“rGyung”and“Zhung”are often used interchangeably in the gShen-Rab-rNam-Par-rGyal-Bavi-gZungs-sDe,and“rGyung”is an old word for“Khyung”,but there is no“Khyung”and“Zhung”.From the perspective of comparative studies,this paper uses the research methods of historical linguistics and phonology to analyze its phonetic characteristics by comparing the name of“Zhang-Zhung”in Chinese and Tibetan documents.This paper finds that the name of Zhang-Zhung recorded in Chinese documents cannot correspond to the word“Zhang-Zhung”,but it can correspond to the word“Khyung-Lung”,which is a transliteration of“Khyung-Lung”.