联合国工商业与人权指导原则支柱三“获得补救”的进展与挑战:拉纳广场倒塌事故的启示

Progress and Challenges in the Remedy Framework of UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights: Lessons from Rana Plaza

2013年4月24日,孟加拉国达卡市萨瓦区一栋名为“拉纳广场”的8层商业大楼倒塌。事故造成至少1,134人丧生,数千人受伤。大部分受害者是在拉纳广场大楼内服装工厂工作的工人。这一起当代最致命的建筑安全事故成为工商业与人权领域的标志性事件,加速了由跨国企业主导的全球供应链自愿性企业社会责任模式向多利益相关方合作治理模式的转变,也推动了全球强制性人权尽责立法的发展。《工商企业与人权:实施联合国“保护、尊重和补救”框架指导原则》支柱三“获得补救”所包含的国家司法补救机制、国家非司法补救机制和非国家的多利益相关方合作补救机制等具体内容,为拉纳广场事件中受影响群体获得补救提供了依据。这些补救机制虽然尚存不足,但仍在不断演进、不断创新,它们为孟加拉国服装业工人享有安全工作条件提供了更广泛的保障;同时拉纳广场事件带来的启示也为支柱三“获得补救”提供了进一步的发展方向,即为企业侵犯人权行为的受害者寻求有效补救需要秉持以权利持有人为中心的路径,识别和消除使用不同救济机制的障碍,与各方开展坦诚对话。

On April 24, 2013, an eight-story commercial building named “Rana Plaza” collapsed in Savar Upazila of Dhaka District, Bangladesh, which killed at least 1,134 people and injured thousands more. Most of the victims were workers at the garment factories inside the building. This deadliest structural failure accident in modern human history has become a significant event in the field of business and human rights, accelerating the transformation of the voluntary corporate social responsibility model of the global supply chain dominated by multinational enterprises to a multi-stakeholder cooperative governance model, and also promoting the development of mandatory human rights due diligence legislation globally. Pillar 3 “Access to Remedy” of Guiding Principles for Business and Human Rights: Implementing the United Nations “Protect, Respect and Remedy” Framework stipulates state-based judicial mechanisms, state-based non-judicial grievance mechanisms, and non-state-based grievance mechanisms, which provide the basis for the attempts of seeking remedies for the affected groups in the Rana Plaza incident. Albeit with different limitations, these mechanisms are still evolving and constantly innovating, and have provided broad protection for Bangladeshi garment industry workers in terms of better working conditions. At the same time, lessons from the Rana Plaza incident also reveal a further direction in which effective remediation for victims of corporate human rights abuses requires a rights-holder-centred approach, identifying and removing barriers to using different remedy mechanisms, and engaging in an open dialogue with all parties.