论清代土司制度的特点

On the Characteristics of Tusi System in Qing Dynasty

清初因环境特殊,土司制度得以保留。然而土司制度与清帝提倡的“大一统”思想格格不入,不改变则无法继续存在下去。因此,清政府在保留土司制度的同时,对其进行了一系列的调整和变革,从而使其呈现出较明显的变化,如各项制度日臻完备、实行与流官一体化的管理、加强对土司地区的管控。正是这些变化使得清代的土司制度有着与元明迥然不同的两大特点:一是体现了土司地区与内地一体化的发展趋势;二是体现了土司制度的衰落。

Due to the special situation in the early Qing Dynasty, the Tusi system was retained. However, the Tusi system was incompatible with the idea of“unification”advocated by the Qing Emperor, and it could not continue to exist if there was no changes. Therefore,while retaining the Tusi system, the Qing government made a series of adjustments and reforms to it, which made it show obvious changes, such as the increasingly complete systems, the implementation of integrated management with the exiles, and the strengthening of control over the chieftain areas. It was these changes that made the Tusi system of the Qing Dynasty have two distinct characteristics from that of the Yuan and Ming Dynasties: 1 it reflected the development trend of the integration of the Tusi region and the mainland;2it reflects the decline of the Tusi system.