“人-地-产”关联视角下乡村绅士化的影响效应

Impact of rural gentrification from the perspective of population-land-industry integration

在快速城镇化背景下,乡村绅士化现象已成为中国大都市外围乡村地区的普遍现象,探究乡村绅士化的影响效应对乡村振兴具有重要意义。该研究选取北京小堡村作为典型研究案例,在对不同时期小堡村历史高分影像进行遥感解译的基础上,运用信息熵、土地利用综合程度等指标,结合实地调研与深度访谈,从“人-地-产”关联视角深入探讨了乡村绅士化过程对大都市外围地区乡村演化的影响。研究发现:1)在经济重构上,农业和工业向以文创产业为主导的服务业转型,村民收入出现明显分化;在空间重构上,耕地与工业用地向服务业用地转换,文创产业用地占比达到29.61%,传统居住用地功能复合化,乡村人居环境改善;在社会重构上,小堡村形成新旧绅士群体为主、村民为辅的复杂化社会网络和以城市、艺术文化为表征的新文化空间;2)小堡村乡村绅士化过程经历了自发发展(1990—2003年)、政府引导(2004—2010年)、市场推动(2011—2014年)和转型调整(2015年至今)4个阶段。从“人-地-产”关联角度看,小堡村演化呈现“人-地-产弱关联,要素内单一均质”到“人-地-产弱联结,要素内多元分化”到“人-地-产强交互,要素内多元割裂”再到“人-地-产强耦合,要素内复杂融合”的转变,推动了乡村由“以生产生活功能为主的传统均质空间”-“以传统业态生产功能为主的乡村分化空间”-“以新型业态生产功能为主的的半城半乡”-“生产生活消费功能复合化的新型乡村空间”的四阶段演化,带动了小堡村的转型发展。以上发现有助于丰富中国特色乡村绅士化的理论认知,并为大都市外围地区乡村振兴提供科学依据。

Rural gentrification has been a common phenomenon in most metropolis peripheral rural areas against the rapid urbanization in China.The impact of rural gentrification is also of great significance for rural revitalization.In this study,Shannon Entropy Values and comprehensive index of land use were calculated using four phases of high-resolution remote sensing images in the year 2004,2010,2015,and 2021.Taking the Xiaobao Village in Beijing China as a case study,the data was collected from questionnaires and semi-structured interviews.The impact of rural gentrification on the rural areas in the metropolitan periphery was explored from the perspective of population-land-industry integration.The results were as follows.1)There were three influences of rural gentrification on the study area,including economic,spatial,and social restructuring.In the economic restructuring,the agriculture and traditional industry were gradually replaced by the service sectors.Specifically,the cultural and creative industries were dominant ones during this time,while the education and training,commerce,and catering industries were important complements.The housing rent,land revenue,and employment in the service sectors replaced the traditional means of livelihood and channeled new sources of income.Meantime,three income ranges emerged to widen the income gap between villagers.In the spatial restructuring,the area percentage of land for the cultural and creative industry raised from 10.89%in 2010 to 29.61%in 2021,whereas,the area percentage of industrial land dropped from 41.11%to 19.30%in the same period.The residential land was shifted into the mixed land with the integrated functions of production and living,as the cultivated land and industrial land were transformed into the service industry land.The rural settlement environment was considerably improved,particularly with the increase and expansion of green land.In the social restructuring,there was a complex social network with the old and new gentrifiers,as the first large group and villagers as the second.Different groups were linked by three types of ties,including blood ties,lease,and service relationships.The new gentrifiers with the higher economic status replaced the old one,rather than villagers reported in other studies.As such,a new cultural space formed with the urban and art culture.2)Four stages were divided for the rural gentrification in the study area,ranging from spontaneous(1990-2003),government-organized(2004-2010),and market-driven(2011-2014)to transformation and adjustment stage(since 2015).There was a profound impact on the social and economic development and spatial evolution of the study area.Furthermore,the population-land-industry relationship in Xiaobao Village was transformed from the state of“simple and homogeneous factors loosely connected”,“multiple and differentiated factors loosely linked”,and“multiple and divided factors strongly integrated”to“complexly mixed factors strongly coupled”.Consequently,the village was shifted from the traditional homogeneous space featured by the functions of living and production,rural differentiated space characterized by the functions of traditional industrial production,half rural and half urban space marked by functions of a new type of industrial production,to the new type rural space featured by the mixed functions of living,production,and consumption in different stages of rural gentrification.This finding can provide some implications for rural gentrification with Chinese characteristics under the background of rapid urbanization.A scientific reference can also be offered to the rural revitalization in the peripheral areas of the metropolis.