先秦月令思想的形成与演变

The Formation and the Evolution of the Idea of Proceedings of Government in the Different Months in the pre-Qin period

先秦时期月令思想的形成与演变经历了长期的过程。早期先民在观察自然、从事生产的同时,形成了“以时系事”“以月系事”的月令思想,并建立起时间观念,用以规范农业生产和社会生活。先民将社会秩序的根据建立在自然秩序之上,“推天道以明人事”。《尚书·尧典》《诗经·豳风·七月》《大戴礼记·夏小正》《逸周书·时训解》以及《管子》诸篇的相关记载,呈现了月令思想形成、发展的历史过程。最终,《礼记·月令》《吕氏春秋·十二纪》以四时十二月为纲,阴阳五行为纬,纳入天象、物候、节气等自然知识,涵盖农、林、渔、猎等生产实践,规范礼、乐、兵、刑等社会政治活动,从自然秩序中演绎出社会秩序,建立了“以月系政”的月令模式。

The formation and the evolution of the Idea of Proceedings of Government in the Different Months in the pre-Qin period experienced for a long time.While the ancestors in the early time were observing the nature and working on the productions,simultaneously,the idea of Seasons and Months Concerning in Men’s Activities were casually shaped and time concept was also set up,which can regulate people’s agricultural productions and social activities.Ancestors built their social orders on the root of the natural ones and they thought that people can infer the Heavenly Way to understand men’s activities.The relevant records in the Book of Documents-the Classics of Yao,the Book of Songs-Folk Songs in Bin Area-the Seventh Month in Lunar Calendar,the Book of Dadai Ritual System-the Calendar for Agricultural Activities,Yi Zhou Shu(the Book of Surplus Documents)-Explanations of Seasonal Instruction and articles of the Book of Guan Zi,which show us the historical formation and development of the idea of Proceedings of Government in the Different Months.Finally,both the Book of RitesProceedings of Government in the Different Months and the Book of Lü’s Commentaries of History-the Twelve Ji take the four seasons and the twelve months as the meridian,and Yin-yang&Five Elements as the latitude,contain the natural knowledge like the celestial phenomena,the phenology and the solar terms,etc.and cover the productive activities of agriculture,forestry,fishery and shikar,etc.They regulate the social and political activities of rites,music,military and punishment,etc.And deduce the social orders from the natural ones,and set up the pattern of Proceedings of Government in the Different Months.