从“集体记忆”到“文化记忆”:现代性反思视域下的记忆研究

From Collective Memory to Cultural Memory:Memories Studies from the Perspective of Modernity Reflections

“记忆文化”萌生于现代社会,对记忆系统的理论研究植根于现代性的语境。以哈布瓦赫的“集体记忆”和阿斯曼夫妇的“文化记忆”为标志,记忆的理论研究先后经历了社会学转向和文化学转向。记忆理论是对现代性反思的文化理论,其两次转向正是对现代社会时空结构的剧变以及由此引发的身份认同危机的一种理论应答。现代社会空间结构和空间体验的颠覆让现代社会的认同危机初显,记忆研究转向聚焦群体层面和社会维度的“集体记忆”,是对现代性的初步反思;而20世纪时间结构和时间体验的颠覆让“集体记忆”自身的存在也陷入危机,“文化记忆”的提出正是对记忆的现代性危机的回应,是对现代性反思的深度延续。

Memory culture originated in modern society,and the theoretical studieson memory are rooted in the context of modernity.Marked by Halbwachs’collective memory and Assamnn’s cultural memory,memory studies have undergone a sociological and then a cultural turn.Memory theoriesare cultural theories reflecting on modernity,and the two turns are just theoretical responses to the drastic changes in the space-time structure of modern society and the identity crisis caused by it.The subversions of the spatial structures and spatial experiencesin modern society showed the early signs of identity crisis.Therefore,memory studies turn to collective memorythat focuses on the group and social dimension,which is a preliminary reflection on modernity.However,the subversions of time structures and time experiences in the 20th century have brought the existence of“collective memory”itself into crisis.The proposal of cultural memory is a response to the modernity crisis of memory and a deep continuation of the reflections on modernity.