蒙元时期山西灾害的原因与应对

Causes of Disasters in Shanxi during the Mongol Yuan Period and the Countermeasures

蒙元时期山西灾害频繁,主要有水灾、旱灾、霜灾、雹灾、蝗灾、地震等灾害类型。通过对蒙元时期山西灾害相关史料的整理,进一步分析该时期灾害的影响因素,探寻该时期人类应对灾害的方式。影响因素大致有两类:一为自然因素,如地形、气候等客观直接成因;二为社会因素,如人口增加、军事破坏、礼佛修寺等人为活动促因。在应对灾害方面,蒙元统治者制定了多样化的应灾措施,政府主导的救灾行为起到了至关重要的作用,救济与免役、开禁与禁酒、拜粟入官等措施大大降低了灾害影响。此外,元朝还致力于开展如官民祈雨、佛寺法会、更改地名等活动,以求免遭罹难,虽有一定的不科学性,但给了灾民极大的心理慰藉与正面暗示,对灾后创伤的修复有重要作用。

In the Mongol Yuan period,frequent disasters hit Shanxi,mainly including floods,droughts,frost,hail,locusts and earthquakes.Sorting out the disaster-related historical materials in Shanxi during this period,we analyzed the influencing factors and studied disaster-fighting measures.There are two kinds of influencing factors:one is natural factor,including topography,climate and other objective and direct causes;the other is social factor,including population increase,military destruction,temple building for Buddha worship etc.,contributed to human activities.In terms of disaster response,rulers of the Mongol Yuan dynasty formulated diversified disaster response measures,such as disaster relief and exemption from servitude,prohibition rescinding and prohibition of alcohol and delivering grain to the government for official positions,which greatly alleviated the impact of disasters and played a crucial role.In addition,people in the Mongol Yuan period were also committed to carrying out activities,such as governmental and non-governmental praying for rain,holding Buddhist temple dharma meetings,and changing place names to escape being claimed by disasters.Though these activities are unscientific,they provid psychological support and positive hints for the victims,which play an important role in healing their post-disaster trauma.