转型期国企“单位庇护”变动及其廉政风险

Changes in the “Unit Shelter” of State-owned Enterprises in Transitional Period and Their Integrity Risks

国企单位庇护现象发生于计划经济时期,其初始形态主要包括“组织体制下沉式庇护”“私人互惠式庇护”两种类型,前者是宏观意义上由单位组织所承载的体制性庇护,后者则主要是指微观意义上干群之间的互动关系。进入20世纪90年代,以国企单位改革为契机,国企单位内部旧有的庇护依赖关系虽然业已发生了变动,但恰恰是在此时期,伴随着国企改革和企业对效率的强烈追求,计划经济时期由政府统一集中管理、配置资源的体制逐渐被打破,国企被作为市场经济主体看待。以此为背景,由国企单位个体互惠庇护模式和利益组织化背景下单位“集体腐败”而衍生出来的廉政风险成为国企发展所面临的严峻挑战。

The phenomenon of SOE unit shelter occurred in the planned economy period, and its initial form mainly included two types: “organizational system sinking shelter” and “private reciprocal shelter”, the former is the institutional shelter undertaken by the unit organization in the macro sense, and the latter mainly refers to the interaction between cadres and groups in the micro sense. In the 1990s, taking the reform of state-owned enterprises as an opportunity, the old sheltered dependence relationship within state-owned enterprise units changed, but it was precisely during this period, along with the reform of state-owned enterprises and the strong pursuit of efficiency by enterprises, the system of unified and centralized management and resource allocation by the government in the planned economy period was gradually broken, and state-owned enterprises were regarded as market economic entities. Against this background, the integrity risk derived from the “collective corruption” of SOE units against the background of individual reciprocal shelter model and interest organization had become a severe challenge for the development of SOEs.