多维视角下中国劳动力就业质量研究

Research on the Multidimensional Employment Quality of China

就业质量是劳动者就业状况的综合反映,提升就业质量是实现共同富裕的重要手段。基于CLDS 2018年微观数据,采用AF双栏法,从劳动收入、工作稳定性、工作条件三个维度,构建了中国劳动力多维就业质量指标体系,并对指数进行分解,分析不同特征劳动者的就业质量情况。结果表明,中国劳动者就业质量不高,有56%的劳动者存在多维就业剥夺,平均剥夺程度是51%。地区间存在明显差异,东部地区就业质量较高,中部其次,西部最低。不签订劳动合同、不缴纳社保、超时工作三项指标的剥夺率都超过40%,是就业剥夺的主要表现。就业缺乏稳定性、就业保障程度不高使得非正规就业劳动者工作经验难以积累,形成职业生涯。劳动力市场对工作经验的回报不高,户籍、教育水平是影响多维就业质量的重要因素,农村户籍、教育水平越低,多维就业剥夺可能性就越高,就业质量也越低。劳动力市场对教育水平的回报较大,高学历者的就业质量大幅度优于中、低学历劳动者。农村低技能劳动者在劳动市场中处于较为不利的地位,就业质量较低。多维就业质量指数的构建对于了解中国劳动力市场提供了微观视角,为政府提升就业质量、规范劳动力市场,提供了决策信息支持。

Employment quality is a comprehensive reflection of the employment status of workers, and improving the quality of employment is an important means to achieve common prosperity. Based on CLDS 2018 microdata, this paper adopts the AF double-column method to construct a multidimensional employment quality indicator system of Chinese labor force from three dimensions: labor income, job stability, and working conditions. The results show that the employment quality of Chinese labor force is not high, with 56% of the labor force suffering from multidimensional employment deprivation, and the average degree of deprivation was 51%. There are significant differences among regions. The quality of employment is higher in the eastern region, followed by the central region and the western region having the lowest. The deprivation rate of the three indicators of not signing labor contract, not signing labor security and overtime work were all over 40%, which were the main manifestation of employment deprivation. The stability of workers’ employment and the degree of employment security are not high. It is difficult for informal employment workers to accumulate work experience and form a career. The labor market doesn’t pay much for work experience. Household registration and education level are important factors affecting the quality of multi-dimensional employment. The lower the rural household registration and education level, the higher the possibility of multi-dimensional employment deprivation. The employment quality of highly-educated workers is significantly better than that of middle-and low-educated workers. Rural low-skilled laborers are in a disadvantaged position. The construction of the multi-dimensional employment quality index provides a micro-perspective of China’s labor market, providing information support for the government to improve the quality of employment, and regulate the labor market.