历史意识与历史学——以刘知幾《史通》为中心

Sense of History and Historiography:Centered with Shi-tong by Liu Zhiji

历史学在文化经验中展开。中国文化注重历史理性,由经验认识事物原理构成主要认知途径,故历史意识凝重,史学充盈于一切知识之间;欧洲文化重逻辑理性,故哲学统摄史学。中欧史学具体形态、表现差异,皆与此相关。细读刘知幾《史通》,重新审视中国传统历史学总体意境、史学形态,以及实录、直书、褒贬、疑古、史才等命题,可以感知此种凝重性。当代史学理论探讨过度聚焦于19世纪欧洲客观主义史学缺陷,于中、西历史学更远传统关照不足,在对欧洲客观主义史学矫枉过正基础上提出的种种历史学“转向”说,多基于对历史客观性的否认或规避,虽各有扩展历史学视野意义,但就其涉及的历史学本质问题而言,失之轻率。

Historiography developed within different cultures.Chinese culture emphasizes reason of history which means that the Chinese understand things mainly by introspection of experiences.Accordingly,they have serious sense history and the scholarship of history penetrated all areas of knowledge.European culture emphasizes reason of logic which led to the dependence of historiography to philosophy.All differences in terms of method,style,and performance between the two traditions of historiography are connected to this background.The seriousness of the sense of history in traditional Chinese culture can be grasped by reading Shi-tong(《史通》)authored by Tang historian Liu Zhiji(刘知幾),especially the contents regarding the general conception of history,diversified forms of historical writing,and issues such as shilu(实录),zhishu(直书),baobian(褒贬),yigu(疑古),and shicai(史才).Contemporary studies of theory of history overemphasized the defects of the nineteenth-century European historiography and failed to understand modern historiography in the context of global comparative cultures.Accordingly,the frequently announced various historical“turns”are all exaggerated sayings.