语言传播的双向性与大华语的特征

Bi-directionality of language spread and features of Greater Huayu

本文认为语言传播具有双向性,以大华语三圈为视角,把普通话从内圈向中圈和外圈的传播称之为“顺向传播”,把华语从外圈和中圈向内圈的传播称之为“逆向传播”。语言学界多注重强势的顺向传播所导致的华语普通话化,少关注弱势的逆向传播所引起的普通话华语化。本文聚焦华语从中圈向内圈的传播,研究这种弱势的逆向传播的机制。这个机制包括语言外部因素和语言内部因素。外部因素是人口流动和两圈交流,内部因素是普通话功能固化和欠缺,内外因素的交叉点是连锁反应。外部因素在内圈引起了两个连锁反应,即言语社区重组和语言交际网络扩展。言语社区重组为华语逆向传播提供了语言空间,交际网络扩展给华语逆向传播开辟了人际通道,形成了普通话华语化的现象。因此,普通话华语化和华语普通话化共同构成了大华语的特征。大华语作为全球华人的共同语值得在语言规划、华语教育等方面应该得到理性的对待。

Claiming that language spread is bi-directional,the current study treats the spread of Putonghua from the inner circle to the middle and out circles as the“downstream spread”while considering the spread of Huayu to the inner circle as the“upstream spread”,from the perspective of theories of the three circles of global languages. Currently,more research is done on Putonghua’s strong downstream spread but little on Huayu ’s weak upstream spread. This study focuses on the spread of Huayu from the middle circle to the inner one and explores the mechanism of the weak upstream spread. The mechanism includes two extra-linguistic factors,population mobility and cross-circle communication,and a linguistic factor,the limitation and deficiency of Putonghua ’ s functions. The extra-linguistic and linguistic factors interact through two chain reactions,the reorganization of speech communities and the expansion of communication networks. The former provides linguistic space for the spread of Huayu to the inner circle,while the latter serves as the path for the spread,leading to Putonghua with Huayu features. Thus,Greater Huayu is marked by linguistic features from both the downstream spread and the upstream spread. Greater Huayu as the common language for the global Chinese community deserves proper treatment in language planning and global Chinese language education.