美国拔尖人才教育研究:中小学天赋与才智教育

A Study on Top Talent Education in the USA:Gifted and Talented Education in Elementary and Secondary Schools

美国中小学天赋与才智教育的兴起和发展与美国国家拔尖人才教育战略行动密切相关,至今已完全融入基础教育,形成了集政府政策与学校课程教学制度、专业教师培训、效果评价为一体的综合性、系统性的教育体系。基于天赋学生量身定制的课程设置、教学范式和方法的多元化、适应学生才智发展需要的个性化学习是其教育范式的重要特征。美国天赋与才智教育在得到政府、学校、家长和学生等社会各界大力支持的同时,也面临教育公平、经费短缺、教育效果等方面的挑战和忧虑。其对中国拔尖人才教育的启示在于:国家和全社会必须重新思考基础教育拔尖人才培养的战略意义,形成广泛共识并付诸行动;基础教育要探寻适合我国国情和未来长期发展目标的拔尖人才培养策略,为大学拔尖人才教育输送超常学生;师范类院校要从理论和实践两个方面重视天赋与才智教育的教师和管理人员的培养,为推进中小学拔尖人才教育提供专业人员。

The inception and development of the gifted and talented education in elementary and secondary schools in the USA were closely related to the national strategic plan for top talent education.It has evolved into a comprehensive and systematic educational model that is integrated into the basic education system with government policies and school regulations,teaching standards,student selection process,curriculum design,teaching training,and outcomes evaluation.Diverse teaching paradigms and pedagogies,curriculum design tailored to talented and gifted students,and adaptive learning to meet student talent and gift development needs are its major characteristics.It has earned great support from various constituents including governments,schools,parents,and students,but it also faces many challenges with educational equity,financial support and teaching effectiveness.It is suggested that Chinese educational administrations and schools design a talented and gifted education program that meets the strategic goals of top talent education in China to further discover latent talents in students and educate them for top talent education in universities;the normal universities should educate future professional administrators and special teachers in talented and gifted education and prepare them to advance top talent education in primary and secondary education.