哈纳克原则与威廉皇帝学会的肇建

The Harnack-Principle and the Establishment of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society

威廉皇帝学会成立于1911年,是马普学会的前身,在其创建和发展过程中贯穿的指导思想是:自由地致力于科学研究和确保杰出科学家的核心地位——该思想称为哈纳克原则。该原则一直被视为最重要的指导思想被坚持和延续下来,并逐渐演化成一个术语在学会的网站、年鉴、会史中被反复提及。事实上,并没有文献资料对哈纳克原则的具体内容做过完整的阐释。本文基于德国档案和文献,对哈纳克原则的形成和内涵分别进行了考证和分析,并对其在学会创建的过程中所扮演的角色进行了考察。研究认为:哈纳克原则是一种科研管理思想,是学会成立的“触发器”,也是学会初建期国家、工业界和科学家之间的“磨合器”,而其本身作为一个术语并非一蹴而就。

The Kaiser Wilhelm Society (KWG) established in 1911 was the predecessor of the Max Planck Society.In the process of the establishment and development of KWG,there was a “structural principle”:keeping academic freedom and autonomy,and core position of scientists.This principle has always been regarded as the most important guiding ideology,and gradually evolved into a term “Harnack-Principle”,which has been repeatedly mentioned in the website,yearbooks and the history of KWG.However,no literature has described the specific content of the principle before.Based on the German archives and the relevant literature,this paper makes a textual research on and analysis of the formation and connotation of the principle,and investigates its role in the foundation of KWG.This research shows that the principle is a scientific research management principle,a “trigger” for the establishment of KWG,and an “equalizer” between the state,industry and scientists in the initial stage of the society.But it is not achieved overnight as a term.