得道之圣:葛洪仙道理论体系中的老子形象

A Saint Obtaining the Tao Through Learning: Image of Lao Tzu in Ge Hong’s Taoist Thoughts System

老子在葛洪的仙道理论体系中具有重要的地位,被尊为“得道之圣”。这一定位包括两方面:其一,老子是圣人。这是对汉代以来盛行的“孔圣老贤”说所做出的回应。葛洪通过重提汉初黄老之学,重新建立了道家相对于儒家的理论优势,进而将老子与孔子分别塑造为“得道”与“治世”之圣人。其二,老子为学而得道者。葛洪欲宣扬神仙之可学,劝人修仙,反对民间道教将老子神化为自然得道的“神灵异类”,认为老子也是由学而得道。葛洪对老子神格的定位在后世虽有一定的影响,但与南北朝神化老子的主流是不符的,在佛道论衡中反而成为佛教批判道教的重要依据。

Lao Tzu played an important role in Ge Hong’s Taoist thoughts system, and was considered as a saint who obtained the Tao through learning. This concept includes two parts: the first is that Lao Tzu is a saint. It was a response to the idea prevailed since the Han Dynasty that considered Confucius an saint, and considered Lao Tzu a sage. Based on the Huang-Lao Thought in the early Han Dynasty, Ge Hong gave Daoism an advantage over Confucianism, and depicted Lao Tzu and Confucius as saints. The second is that Lao Tzu obtained the Tao through learning. Because of propagating the feasibility of becoming immortals, Ge Hong opposed folk Taoism’s deification of Lao Tzu as a “heterogeneous deity”, and positioned Lao Tzu as an immortal through learning. Ge Hong’s thoughts had some influence, but it was inconsistent with the major trend in the deification of Lao Tzu in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, furthermore, it became an important base for Buddhism to criticize Taoism in the controversy between Buddhism and Taoism.