民主模式与公民权利的实现

Patterns of Democracy and Realization of Civil Rights

长期以来,关于民主模式的争论莫衷一是,但从民主权利的维度去看民主模式,民主的治理效能差异则彰显无遗。不同的民主模式代表了实现民主价值的不同机制。自由主义民主是以竞争性选举为核心的多数决民主体制,但由于忽视了政体关系的复杂性以及严苛的社会条件,在实践中陷入了诸多困境,出现“无效的民主”。相反,中华优秀传统政治资源、群众路线的革命传统以及大众参与的政治实践,决定了中国的政治体制是以协商共识为主要形式的“可治理民主”,公众参与、国家自主性回应和有效治理,构成了政治体制的核心特征。在民主权利维度上重新思考实质民主,是世界政治实践使然,同样也有助于构建新的民主理论。

For a long time,the debate on the patterns of democracy has been inconclusive.However,when set against the realization of democratic rights,the effectiveness between different democratic patterns varies obviously.Different patterns of democracy represent different mechanisms whereby democratic values are realized.Liberal democracy is a majority-rule democratic system with competitive elections at its core.However,by ignoring the complexity of political relations and the strict social conditions,majority-rule democracy has fallen into various dilemmas in practice,as salient as in“ineffective democracy”.In the case of China,in contrast,its traditional political resources,revolutionary tradition of the mass line,and the real-life practice of popular participation determine that China’s pattern of democracy is inevitably a“governable democracy”with consultation and consensus as the main form,characterized by public participation,responses with state autonomy,and effective governance.Rethinking substantive democracy in the sense of the realization of democratic rights is a result of world political practices and contributes to the construction of a new theory of democracy.