中美奶牛养殖成本收益比较分析

Comparative Cost-benefit Analysis of Dairy Farming in the USA and China

由于我国奶业转型发展仍存在原料奶成本高、乳制品竞争力弱等问题,奶业提质增效一直是政府和社会广泛关注的问题。本文利用2018—2021年奶牛养殖调研数据以及官方统计数据,比较分析了中美两国奶牛养殖成本构成以及成本收益情况。结果表明,我国奶牛养殖公斤奶成本明显高于美国,但差距不断缩小;饲料成本在两国奶牛养殖成本比重差异较大,中国平均占比为67.1%,美国为47.4%;中国在机械化和智能化设备方面投入明显少于美国,但美国奶牛养殖收益明显少于中国,且近几年一直处于亏损状态。大规模养殖场在成本和收益方面具有明显优势,大规模养殖场能更大程度发挥机械和智能化设备投入带来的规模经济。我国应加快发展优质饲草料产业,从根本上降低奶牛养殖成本、提高养殖收益;稳步提升奶业发展科技水平,增加机械和智能化设备投入,促进奶业现代化高质量发展。

As the transformation and development of China’s dairy industry still suffers from high raw milk costs and weak competitiveness of dairy products,improving the quality and efficiency of the dairy industry has been an issue of widespread concern for the government and society.Using dairy farming research data from 2018-2021 as well as official statistics,this paper compared and analyzed the cost components of dairy farming and the cost-benefit situation in China and the USA.The results showed that the kilogramme milk cost of dairy farming in China was significantly higher than that in the USA,but the gap was narrowing.The proportion of feed costs in the cost of dairy farming differs significantly between the two countries,with China accounting for an average of 67.1%and the USA 47.4%.China invested significantly less in mechanised and intelligent equipment than the USA,but the returns from dairy farming in the USA were significantly lower than those in China and had been in a loss-making position in recent years.Large-scale farms had obvious advantages in terms of costs and returns,and large-scale farms can give greater play to the economies of scale brought about by mechanical and intelligent equipment inputs.China should accelerate the development of a high-quality forage industry to fundamentally reduce dairy farming costs and improve farming returns.We should steadily improve the technology level of dairy development,increase investment in machinery and intelligent equipment,and promote the modernisation and high-quality development of the dairy industry.