朱子的贤人之学管窥

On Zhu Zi’s Theory of Sages

朱子虽然没有系统阐发过贤人之学,但是他创造性地诠释了前人的贤人学说,并且结合理学与时代背景进行了新的发展。朱熹不但明确提出了“贤人之学”,而且着重在贤人的品格、尊贤的功能和尚贤之道等方面提出了许多新论断、新观点。在“四书学”和《周易》的集解中,他从不同语境和不同层面分别阐释了贤人的内涵、特质、地位、作用、影响、工夫等。就思想主旨而言,朱子的贤人之学具体体现在三大方面:一是恭俭有制、救民修己、先知先觉、以直报怨和中道而行等贤人的品格思想;二是易其色心、冀己有善、正君善俗、以成其君等尊贤的功能思想;三是求贤、传贤、举贤、尊贤、养贤、亲贤和事贤等尚贤之道思想。

Zhu Zi creatively interpreted and developed the theory of sages of predecessors in combination with Neo-Confucianism and the time background although he did not systematically expound it.Zhu Xi clearly put forward not only the“theory of sages”,but also many new arguement and ideas in the character of sages,the function of respecting sages and the way of respecting sages.In the collection and interpretation of“Four Books”and Zhouyi,he explained the connotation,characteristics,status,role,influence,skill and so on of sages from different contexts and levels.The main idea of Zhu Zi’s theory of sages is embodied in three aspects.First,the moral personalities of sages,such as being respectful and thrifty,saving the people and cultivating themselves,being prescient,repaying grievances with honesty and acting in the middle way.The second is the functional thought of respecting the virtuous,such as changing their lust,hoping to be virtuous,being upright and refining customs and making good kings.The third is to seek,to pass on,to recommend,to respect,to cultivate and to be close to and to serve the virtue.