以道导政:朱子“共治”思想探究

Politics Guided by Tao:A Study of Zhu Zi’s Thought of“Co-governance”

朱子“共治”思想的旨归是天子和臣下共同拥有治理之权,儒家士大夫在天子行政时不再处于从属地位,而可以主动地参与到治理天下的政治活动当中,成为其中重要的参与者。朱子对自己的政治角色有着明确的定位,那就是要做可以共享治权的士大夫,同时要发挥“道统”的作用,以“政治导师”的身份对“政统”进行引导。朱子通过“格君心之非”的方式促成自己“共治”理想的实现,但是天子却希望可以“独享治权”。在现实政治面前,朱子通过修身成德和教化士人,力图通过“以德抗位”的方式矫正天子的道德,推进政治体制的良性发展。

Zhu Zi’s idea of“co-governance”means that the king and his ministers both have the right of governance.The Confucian scholar bureaucrats are no longer in a subordinate position in the administration,but can actively participate in the political activities of governing the country and become important participants.Zhu Zi,with a clear position on his political role,wishes to be a scholar bureaucrat who can share power and to play the role of“orthodoxy”to guide“political orthodoxy”as a“political mentor.”Zhu Zi promoted the realization of his ideal of“co-governance”through the way of“criticizing and correcting the bad ideas of the king,”but the king hoped to“enjoy the right of solo-governance.”In face of realistic politics,Zhu Zi tried to rectify the morality of the king and promote the sound development of the political system by cultivating morality and educating Confucian scholar bureaucrats.