疫苗佐剂的研究进展

Advances of adjuvants for vaccines

接种疫苗是预防感染性疾病较为有效的措施之一。近年来,随着DNA重组技术的发展,重组亚单位疫苗、合成肽疫苗和核酸疫苗等新型疫苗的研究取得了快速的发展,与传统疫苗相比,这些疫苗抗原相对分子质量更小,纯度更高,但免疫原性较弱,需要佐剂增强其作用。佐剂(adjuvant)是一种非特异性免疫增强剂,可以提高疫苗的免疫原性。因此,佐剂在疫苗研究中占据着重要地位。除传统的铝佐剂外,目前已研发了多种新型佐剂,如脂类、油乳、皂苷、细胞因子和核苷酸佐剂等。现就新型佐剂在疫苗中的研究及其应用作一概述。

Vaccination is one of the most effective measures to prevent infectious diseases. In recent years, with the development of DNA recombination technology, the research of new vaccines such as recombinant subunit vaccines, synthetic peptide vaccines and nucleic acid-based vaccines has made rapid growth. Compared with traditional vaccines, the new generation vaccines have antigens with lower molecular weight and higher purity, however, the immunogenicity of antigens is poor, thus adjuvants are needed to enhance the potency. Adjuvants, a type of non-specific immunostimulants, are added to vaccine to improve the immunogenicity of antigens, performing an important role in vaccine development. In addition to the traditional aluminum salt adjuvant, many novel adjuvants have also been developed, including lipids, oil emulsions, saponins, cytokines and Nucleotide adjuvants. This paper reviews the research and application of novel adjuvants in vaccines.