炼钢技术的发展历程和未来展望(Ⅰ)———炼钢技术的发展历程

Development history and future prospects of steelmaking(Ⅰ)——Development history

全面回顾了炼钢技术的发展历程。炼钢技术从19世纪50年代开始,发展至今已有170多年,经历了贝塞麦炼钢炉、平炉、氧气炼钢炉和电弧炉几个主要阶段。1850年代英国人贝塞麦发明了底吹空气的酸性转炉炼钢工艺,空气进入炉底气室然后通过透气砖进入钢液熔池,该技术因为酸性内衬而无法冶炼高磷铁水。19世纪70年代,英国人托马斯发明了碱性耐火材料和碱性炉渣的底吹空气转炉炼钢技术,实现了钢液的脱磷且脱磷在脱碳后进行。19世纪60年代,英国人西门子和法国人马丁分别发明了在高温蓄热室结构的炉子内使用铁矿石为氧化剂实现铁液脱碳的炼钢过程,即“西门子-马丁炉炼钢工艺”,又称为平炉炼钢技术,冶炼过程渣钢分离,脱磷在脱碳之前进行,钢中氮含量低,冶炼炉容积可以达到几百吨,可以使用废钢,该技术于20世纪初全替代了贝塞麦的底吹空气转炉炼钢技术。1949年,杜勒教授成功完成了顶吹氧气转炉炼钢的试验,并促进奥地利的Linz和Donawitz炼钢厂在1952年开始进行顶吹氧气转炉炼钢的工业实践,称为LD工艺,随后该工艺在欧美等发达国家广泛推广,在美国被称为氧气碱性转炉炼钢技术,简称BOF工艺。20世纪90年代以后,欧美发达国家的平炉炼钢技术完全被顶吹氧气转炉技术替代。底吹氧气炼钢技术和顶底复吹技术从20世纪60年代开始出现并被逐渐推广。19世纪70年代,西门子建造了第一座试验用的炼钢电弧炉,20世纪初,美国建造了世界上第一座三相埃鲁电弧炉并开启了电弧炉炼钢实践。熔化废钢和合金的感应炉技术从19世纪80年代开始出现,20世纪20年代真空感应炉开始工业应用。中国的炼钢技术起步很晚,1949年产钢不足16万t,1964年在首钢诞生第一座氧气顶吹转炉,最近30年来,中国的炼钢能力和炼钢技术都得到了飞跃式发展,粗钢年产量已经达到10亿t以上,占世界总产量的50%以上,正在从钢铁大国向钢铁强国迈进。

The history of steelmaking was backtracked and reviewed.The steelmaking has been performed for over 170years since the 1850s,from Bessemer steelmaking process to open hearth steelmaking process,oxygen steelmaking process and electric arc furnace steelmaking.In 1850s,Bessemer invented the bottom air-blowing acid steelmaking process by which the air was injected into a bottom chamber of the converter and then entered into the molten steel through the porous bricks,and this technology was not able to dephosphorize the steel.In 1870s,Thomas invented the bottom air-blowing basic steelmaking process which could dephosphorize the steel after decarburization.In 1860sSiemens and Martin invented the open hearth steelmaking process,which achieved the dephosphorization before decarburization and the decarburization was through the iron ore powders.By this technology,the slag was over the molten metal,the nitrogen in the final steel was low and steel scraps could be used.The furnace could be as big as several hundred tons so that the Bessemer steel process was fully replaced by the open hearth steelmaking in 1900s.In 1949,Professor Durrer successfully performed the top blowing oxygen steelmaking experiments,and stimulated the Linz Works and Donawitz Works in Austria to start the industrial scale practice of oxygen steelmaking in 1952so that this process was called LD process.This technology was well spread in western countries and was called basic oxygen steelmaking process-BOF process in the US.Oxygen steelmaking process fully replaced the open hearth steelmaking process in western countries in 1990s.The oxygen bottom blowing steelmaking process and the top and bottom combined blowing steelmaking process were started from 1960sand gradually well utilized.Siemens built the first electric arc furnace for the experiments of scrap remelting in 1870sand the first three phase Heroult electric arc furnace for industrial steelmaking was started in the US in 1900s.The induction furnace for the remelting of steel scraps and alloys was started in 1800s,and the vacuum induction furnace was commercially used in 1920s.The modern steelmaking technology in China was very late.In 1949,the steel production capacity was less than 160 thousand tons.The first top oxygen blowing steelmaking furnace was built at Shougang Steel in 1964.The steelmaking ability and technology was under a great-leap-forward development within the past 30years and the annual crude steel production capacity was over one billion tons and over 50%of the entire world.China is stepping in a strong steel country from a big steel country.