走出戏剧幻象的戏剧小说——歌德《威廉·麦斯特的学习时代》对戏剧的呈现与反思

Out of the Dramatic Illusion:The Representation and Reflection on Drama in Wilhelm Meisters Lehrjahre of Goethe

在《威廉·麦斯特的学习时代》中,歌德通过主人公威廉追逐自己戏剧梦想的经历展现了一幅18世纪德国戏剧发展的全景图。小说表现了启蒙时期德国市民阶层知识分子期望借助德意志民族戏剧来塑造德意志民族性以及假道艺术进入社会公共领域的尝试。与此同时,小说借由主人公戏剧梦想破灭、离开剧团并进入塔社的发展历程,反思了戏剧艺术的局限性。主人公威廉的修养历程折射出作者歌德对于艺术与社会、艺术与现实等关系的思考及其观念的转变。

In Wilhelm Meisters Lehrjahre,Goethe presents a panorama of the development of German theatre in the 18th century through the experiences of the protagonist Wilhelm who pursues his theatrical dreams.It shows the attempts of the intellectuals of the German Bürger to shape German nationality through the establishment of the German national theatre and to enter the public sphere by art during the Enlightenment.At the same time,the novel reflects on the limitations of the art of theatre through the protagonist’s shattered theatrical dreams,his departure from the theatre company and his entry into the Tower Society.The process of Bildung of Wilhelm reflects the author Goethe’s thinking and conceptual transformation of the relationship between art and society,art and reality,etc.