及时的正义:人格权禁令的程序效力原理

Timely Justice: The Principle of Procedural Effectiveness of the Prohibition of Personality Rights

人格权禁令的制度前提是行为人正在进行或即将实施的违法行为会导致利害关系人的人格权利益遭受难以弥补的损害,因此需要通过司法层面的应急决策机制来解决当下迫在眉睫的权利救济问题。从现有的权威规范解读来看,人格权禁令在实体法层面的制度功能在逻辑上是作为一种非讼性质的独立程序,进而为民事主体排除或是避免人格权侵害提供及时有效的救济手段。而从具体实践来看,在人格权禁令预设的具体应用场景中分别存在着与诉前行为保全、人身安全保护令这两种程序应用场景之间的重合与交叉,但这一制度预设却也导致人格权禁令在效力逻辑上出现“两头都不靠”的程序困境。在现有的制度框架下,人格权利益的权利救济在时间维度上有两个基本的逻辑面向:其一,对过去已经现实发生的权利侵害进行事后的责任归结;其二,面向未来排除正在进行或者即将实施的权利侵害。而基于权利救济不同时间面向上的功能定位,司法机制在与之对接的流程设置和程序效力设定上所追求的价值取向也是不同的。有鉴于此,克服人格权禁令“两头都不靠”程序困境最为可能的思路则是清晰定位人格权禁令的具体应用场景,并在此基础上设定与效力逻辑相匹配的程序逻辑,使之与既有的程序机制在人格权利益保护问题上形成功能互补,而不是简单地参照套用。

It is the institutional premise of the prohibition of personality rights that the perpetrator is going to commit illegal acts that will cause irreparable damage to the interests of the interested parties’ personality rights. Therefore, it is necessary to solve the urgent right relief problem through the emergency decisionmaking mechanism at the judicial level. From the interpretation of the existing authoritative norms, as a substantive law system, the injunction of personality rights is an independent procedure of a non-litigious nature to provide timely and effective remedies for civil subjects to exclude or avoid the infringement of personality rights. This requires a clear positioning of the specific application scenario of the prohibition of personality rights in the system design, and on this basis, a procedural logic matching the effectiveness logic should be set up, so that it can complement the existing procedural mechanisms in the protection of the interests of personality rights, rather than simply reference.