百年现代化进程中“教育中国化”的曲折探索

The Tortuous Exploration of “Chineseization of Education” in The Process of Modernization

在150余年的教育现代化进程中,中国教育一直是西方教育的“跟跑者”“追随者”,中国式教育现代化如何超越对西方教育的模仿,在承继中国传统文化的基础上建立自主创新的教育现代化体系是百年来一直未能很好解决的问题。教育现代化面临同质化抑或多元化的战略选择,在中西文化之间做着两难抉择。我国自新文化运动以来经历了三次教育中国化的曲折探索。第一次教育中国化的探索发生在20世纪30年代左右,第二次教育中国化的探索发生在20世纪50-60年代,第三次教育中国化的探索发生在20世纪末直至当下。历史地看,教育中国化有其风险,易被狭隘民族主义、民粹主义、文化激进主义所裹挟。教育中国化的失败尝试深刻地揭示出:教育现代化不能脱离中国传统文化,文化激进主义只能带来灾难;教育中国化亦不可脱离教育现代化的整体轨道和世界格局。在现代化或中国化之间做“非此即彼”式选择对于教育发展百害而无一利。教育现代化必须经由教育中国化而成,教育中国化是教育现代化的必由阶段及最终归宿;教育中国化并非复古主义,而是现代化视角下的文化扬弃与文化再生。教育中国化需要中国文化本位的精神重构、融合中西文化之长的课程重构和中西教育不断比较与对话的视野重构。

In the 150-year-long process of modernization, Chinese education has always been a “follower”,how to modernize Chinese education beyond simple following and imitation of Western education and establish a unique and innovative education modernization system based on inheriting Chinese traditional culture is a problem that has not been well solved for a century. The modernization of education is faced with the strategic choice of homogenization or diversification, and the dilemma of choosing between Chinese and Western cultures. Since the New Culture Movement, China has experienced three tortuous explorations of educational modernization. The first exploration of educational modernization took place around the 1930s,the second in the 1950s and 1960s, and the third in the late 20th century and up to the present.Historically,the Chineseization of education has had its risks, and it has been vulnerable to narrow nationalism, populism,and cultural radicalism. The failed attempts of educational Chineseization have profoundly revealed that educational modernization cannot be separated from traditional Chinese culture, and that cultural radicalism can only bring disaster;nor can educational Chineseization be separated from the overall track of educational modernization and the global pattern. The choice between modernization and Chineseization is a “either/or” choice that will do no good to the development of education. The modernization of education must be achieved through the Chineseization of education, and the Chineseization of education is the necessary stage and final destination of education modernization;the Chineseization of education is not retrogressivism, but cultural abandonment and cultural regeneration under the perspective of modernization. The Chineseization of education requires a spiritual reconstruction of Chinese cultural orientation, a reconstruction of the curriculum that integrates the strengths of Chinese and Western cultures, and a reconstruction of the vision of comparison and constant dialogue between Chinese and Western education.