道帏地区“达尔加拉则”仪式调查研究

Research on Da Gyal Lab Tshe in Rdo Sbis,Qinghai

拉则祭祀仪式承载着古老的历史信息,是藏族文化的重要组成部分。文章通过实地调研与历史文献相结合,以道帏乡上部五个村落共同祭祀的“达尔加拉则”为个案,对该仪式的历史渊源、变迁过程、祭祀内容、社会功能等进行了研究。认为该仪式是一种原始苯教和佛教进行融合发展演化的祭祀仪式,供祭对象是被奉为地方山神的吐蕃戍边名将“达尔加父子”。随着时代和文化的变迁,祭祀逐渐从斯巴苯教的血祭等战时模式演变为以“素供”为主的佛教向善供养模式,仪式的内涵亦发生重大的变化。从其文化功能来审视,既有助于各村落之间的统一、整合,提升社会内聚力,增强区域内民族交流和团结;同时也有益于确立自我身份、实现文化认同、强化集体记忆,具有调适心理和慰藉情感等功能。

The ritual of“Lab Tshe”carries ancient historical information and is an important part of Tibet culture.Taking as a case study,this paper combines field investigation and historical documents to interpret and study the origin,change,ritual process and social function of DaGyalLab Tshe,which is worshipped by five villages in the upper part of RdoSbis.It is pointed out that the ritual is a fusion of primitive Bon and Buddhist rituals,and is mainly dedicated to the famous frontier general DaGyaland his father son during Tubo Period,who is worshiped as the local mountain god.With the changes of times and culture,the sacrifice gradually evolved from the wartime mode of blood sacrifice of the Premitive Bon religion to the Buddhist mode of offering to the good,with the deep connotation of the ceremony undergoing major changes.From the perspective of its cultural function,the collective level is conducive to the unity and integration of various villages,can enhance social cohesion,and can enhance regional ethnic exchanges and unity;The individual level is helpful to establish self-identity,realize cultural identity,strengthen collective memory,and also to psychological adjustment and emotional comfort.