多源数据参照的古典诗歌立体远读法初探——以乾隆四万余首御制诗为例

A Preliminary Study on the Stereoscopic Distance Reading of Classical Poetry with Reference to Multi-source Data:Take Emperor Qianlong's More than Forty Thousand Imperial Poems as an Example

针对大规模文献颇为有效的“远读法”常限于对研究对象自身文本的统计,缺乏多源数据参照;而乾隆御制诗因其量大难读且有方便对比关联的数字化文本,成为优化远读法的合适案例。多源数据参照的古典诗歌“立体远读法”。研究首先通过版本选择、结构化整理、数据清洗、自动标点等步骤,构建起乾隆诗全文数据库;进而探究创作风格与频率的两个疑难问题。其一,在创作风格方面,乾隆诗长期给人“陈词滥调”的阅读印象;这并非因为其字、句的高度重复,通过与诗歌规模相当的《全唐诗》比较,发现乾隆诗在字符、句子、诗篇多层面重复率明显较低;陈词滥调的印象或来自大量同主题诗作或反复出现的叠韵诗。其二,在创作频率方面,统计发现其于乾隆四十二年出现创作低谷;结合清代起居注、《清实录》及档案,将史料记载与量化统计相印证,推知此现象更可能源自当年皇太后的崩逝,而非政务繁忙或身体衰弱。“立体远读法”推动了对大规模文献乾隆诗的整体把握,避免对单一文本数据、孤立的统计分析,具有方法论层面的探索价值。

The effective“distance reading method”for large-scale literature is usually limited to the statistics of the research object's own text,which lacks the reference of multi-source data.Due to the large and hard reading volume and their convenient digital texts for comparison and correlation,the Qianlong imperial poems become a suitable case for optimizing distance reading.The“stereoscopic distance reading”of classical poetry references to multi-source data.Firstly,the full-text database of Qianlong poems was established through the steps of version selection,structural sorting,data cleaning and automatic punctuation.Then explore the creation style and frequency of two difficult problems.First,in the aspect of creation style,Qianlong's poems have long given an impression of“cliche”in reading.This is not because of the high repetition of characters and sentences.Through the comparison of the Whole Tang Poems,which is similar in scale to the poems,it is found that the repetition rate of Qianlong's poems is significantly lower in characters,sentences and poems.The impression of cliche may come from a large number of poems on the same subject or repeated rhymes.Secondly,in the aspect of creative frequency,the statistics show that there was a creative low in the forty-second year of Qianlong.By combining the daily life notes,Records of the Qing Dynasty and the archives,and confirming the historical records with quantitative statistics,it is concluded that this phenomenon is more likely to be caused by the death of the Empress Dowager in that year,rather than the busy affairs or weak health."Stereoscopic distance reading"promoted the overall grasp of large-scale documents of Qianlong poems,and avoided the deficiency of single text data and isolated statistical analysis.It has a methodological exploration value.