武夷山国家公园及其周边鱼类多样性

Fish diversity of Wuyishan National Park and its adjacent areas

武夷山国家公园是中国正式设立的第一批国家公园之一,其所处的武夷山脉在动物地理区划上是东洋区南亚亚区华南小区、东洋区东亚亚区华东小区的分界线。为查明武夷山国家公园及其周边的鱼类区系和多样性现状,本研究在梳理历史研究资料的基础上,对调查区域内的崇阳溪、麻阳溪、九曲溪、北溪和铅山河5条河流进行了实地调查,从物种多样性和功能多样性两个层面对武夷山国家公园及其周边地区鱼类多样性水平进行了分析。结合历史数据,武夷山国家公园及其周边地区分布的土著鱼类为113种,隶属于5目17科61属,其中以鲤形目鱼类为主,共82种,占物种总数的72.6%,其次为鲈形目,共16种,占总数的14.2%。受威胁鱼类3种,包括2种国家Ⅱ级野生水生保护动物,即胭脂鱼(Myxocyprinusasiaticus)和花鳗鲡(Anguillamarmorata)。武夷山国家公园的第一优势种为拟腹吸鳅(Pseudogastromyzonfasciatus),与其周边地区以点纹银鮈(Squalidus wolterstorffi)为第一优势种不同。多样性分析结果显示武夷山国家公园的鱼类物种丰富度指数、多样性指数和均匀度指数均低于周边区域。通过比较调查区域内5条河流的鱼类多样性,麻阳溪鱼类多样性显著高于其他河流,铅山河的多样性显著低于其他河流。位于国家公园内的九曲溪鱼类多样性比周边地区的崇阳溪要低。鱼类功能多样性结果显示,武夷山国家公园的功能丰富度指数显著低于周边地区,功能离散度和功能均匀度均高于周边地区;在河流方面,北溪的功能丰富度显著高于其他河流,崇阳溪的功能均匀度较高,九曲溪的功能离散度显著高于其他河流。综合鱼类多样性分析结果,武夷山国家公园鱼类多样性低主要是自然生境异质性低和人为活动共同作用形成,而周边地区的河流受到捕捞、水利设施、水质污染等因素的影响。这些干扰改变了鱼类的群落结构,使得鱼类多样性降低。因此应该加强对该区域的鱼类多样性保护工作,未来还应进一步开展针对公园内鱼类多样性的调查工作。

Purpose:Wuyishan National Park is among the first national parks officially established in China in 2021.The park locates in Wuyishan Mountains,where are the boundary of the South China Area and the East China Area in the Southeast Asiatic Subregion in terms of animal geographical division.Understanding the current composition of fish diversity in Wuyishan National Park and its adjacent areas is significant to explore the influence of Wuyishan Mountains in China’s freshwater fish fauna.More importantly,to investigate the fish diversity and resource status in different dimensions enable us create comprehensive conservation strategy for Wuyishan National Park from the perspective of ecological protection and economic development.And it will also benefit all stakeholders at the same time.Methods:We investigated the Chongyangxi,Beixi,Mayangxi,Jiuquxi,and Yanshan rivers in Wuyishan National Park and its adjacent areas in dry(April)and rainy(July)seasons of 2021.The fish diversity of five rivers was evaluated using three species diversity indices(Margalef richness index,Shannon-Wiener diversity index and Pielou evenness index)and three functional diversity indices(functional richness,functional evenness and functional divergence).Fish abundance greater than 10%of the total species is considered as the dominant species in this study.Results:Based on historical data and our current surveys,we investigated 113 native fish species belonging to 61genera,17 families,and 5 orders in Wuyishan National Park and its adjacent areas.Cypriniformes and Perciformes are dominant orders,accounting for 72.6%and 14.2%of the native fish species,respectively.Myxocyprinus asiaticus,Anguilla marmorata and Anguilla japonica are threatened fish in this area,of which Myxocyprinus asiaticus and Anguilla marmorata are listed in the List of Key Protected Wild Animals in China.The diversity analysis showed that the Margalef richness index,Shannon-Wiener diversity index and Pielou evenness index of Wuyishan National Park were lower than those of the neighbouring regions.The dominant species in Wuyishan National Park is Pseudocastromyzon fasciatus,and neighbouring regions is Squalidus woltersorffi.Among five rivers,the fish diversity in the Mayangxi River is the highest and the one of the Yanshan River is the lowest.The results of functional diversity showed that the function divergence and functional evenness of Wuyishan National Park were significantly higher than it’s neighbouring regions.The functional richness of the Beixi River was obviously higher than that of other rivers.Conclusions:The relatively low fish-diversity in Wuyishan National Park might be attributed to the low heterogeneities of natural habitats in mountain areas and influences of tourists.In addition,factors that impact the fish diversity in neighbouring regions include water pollution,overfishing and water conservancy facilities.Both water pollution and overfishing could change the population structure of fish,causing pollution-resistant and small-sized fish becoming dominant in the water.The construction of hydropower stations has changed the habitats from a flowing water to still water.These hydropower stations cut the connections between upstream and downstream rivers,which led to the disappearance of spawning grounds.Therefore,the comprehensive and long-term monitoring of fish diversity in Wuyishan National Park is urgently needed to strengthen the overall protection.