文山国家级自然保护区蚂蚁多样性与分布格局

Ant species diversity and distribution patterns in Wenshan National Nature Reserve

为揭示云南文山国家级自然保护区蚂蚁多样性规律,采用样地调查法研究了文山国家级自然保护区及邻近地区蚂蚁物种的多样性与分布格局。结果表明,在9块样地中共采集蚂蚁14885头,隶属9亚科51属109种。整体上,物种丰富度、个体密度和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数与海拔显著(P<0.05)或极显著线性负相关(P<0.01),海拔的变化导致生境不同,中低海拔地区植被类型多样,食物资源丰富,栖息着更多的蚂蚁物种,人为干扰影响着局部的蚂蚁丰富度。在6类生境中,季风常绿阔叶林内的蚂蚁物种最丰富(62种),苔藓矮林内的蚂蚁物种最贫乏(2种)。黄足尼兰蚁(Nylanderia flavipes)的垂直分布范围最大,同时超83%的物种(91种)生态适应幅度狭窄。大多数的蚂蚁在地表觅食,在土壤中筑巢。不同样地蚂蚁群落间相似性处于极不相似至中等不相似水平,表明群落分化明显,生态功能多样,可在生物多样性保护中发挥重要作用。研究区域内,气温、植被类型和人为干扰对蚂蚁物种的丰富度和分布有重要影响。

To determine ant diversity in Wenshan National Nature Reserve, Yunnan Province, the ant species diversity and distribution pattern in Wenshan Nature Reserve and adjacent areas were investigated using a plot sampling method. We collected 14 885 ant individuals belonging to 109 species, 51 genera, and 9 subfamilies. The species richness, individual density, and Shannon-Wiener diversity index were significantly(P<0.05) or highly significantly(P<0.01) negative in relation to altitude. Among the 6 habitat types, ant species richness was highest in the monsoon evergreen broadleaf forest with 62 species, and lowest in the mossy dwarf forest with 2 species. Nylanderia flavipes had the widest vertical distribution range, while over 83% of ant species, representing a total of 91 species, had a narrow range of ecological adaptations. Most of the ant species foraged on the ground and nested in the soil. The similarity between ant communities from different plots showed an extremely dissimilar to moderately dissimilar level. It indicates that ant communities are differentiated with diverse ecological functions, which could play an important role in biodiversity conservation. Temperature, vegetation type, and human disturbance play a key role in ant species abundance and distribution in the study area.