新型冠状病毒快速检测研究进展

Recent progresses in rapid detection of novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2

当前全球大流行的新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)是由新型冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2)感染的一种高传染性肺炎,其通过呼吸道飞沫、气溶胶、直接或间接接触、粪口传播或者冷链运输等途径在人群中进行传播,处在潜伏期或尚无明显症状的患者也具备传染他人的能力。SARS-CoV-2是一种有包膜的单股正链RNA病毒,拥有线性RNA片段,每个病毒粒子直径为60~140 nm。与其他冠状病毒相似,SARS-CoV-2主要包括4种结构蛋白,即:刺突蛋白(S)、膜蛋白(M)、包膜蛋白(E)和核衣壳蛋白(N)。迄今为止,基于病毒结构基础和病原学特点开发出了多种检测SARS-CoV-2的方法,为疑似COVID-19患者的确诊和疫情防控提供了有力的保障。简要介绍了SARS-CoV-2的病原学特征,并综述了核酸检测、免疫学检测和新型生物传感器等最新检测方法的研究进展,以期为COVID-19的早期诊断与防控提供帮助。

The global pandemic coronavirus pneumonia(COVID-19),the disease infected by the new coronavirus(SARS-CoV-2),is extremely contagious.It is mainly spread among people through respiratory droplets,aerosols,direct or indirect contact,fecal-oral transmission,and cold chain transportation.Especially,patients who are in the incubation period or have no obvious symptoms already have the ability to infect others.SARS-CoV-2 is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus,with a single linear RNA segment.Each SARS-CoV-2 virion is 60-140 nm in diameter.Like other coronaviruses,SARS-CoV-2 has four structural proteins,known as the spike(S),envelope(E),membrane(M),and nucleocapsid(N)proteins.To date,a variety of detection methods for the SARS-CoV-2 have been developed based on the virus structural basis and etiological characteristics,which would provide an effective guarantee for the diagnosis of COVID-19 patients and the control of the epidemic.In order to help for the early diagnosis and prevention of COVID-19,the pathogenic characteristics and recent progresses of detection base on nucleic acid,immunology and biosensors of the SARS-CoV-2 are reviewed in this paper.