基于基因组学的栎树生物学研究进展

Advances and prospects of oak biology based on genomics

栎树(Quercus spp.)是北半球重要的经济与生态树种。夏栎(Q.robur)、加州白栎(Q.lobata)、麻栎(Q.acutissima)等树种基因组的公布,对栎树生物学研究产生了深刻的影响。近5年来,栎树生物学出现了包括系统进化与物种鉴定、基因渐渗与适应进化、景观基因组学与生态保育、生物共存与互作机制、次生代谢与生长发育、DNA甲基化与表观遗传调控及基因与长寿机制等方面的研究热点。虽然基于基因组学的栎树生物学若干研究前沿已经形成,但尚处于起步阶段,笔者预期未来会向4个方面深入:①强调栎树基因组资源的深度应用。应用景观基因组学途径,探究栎树的杂交渐渗与适应进化;联合基因组、转录组、蛋白组等多组学技术,探究栎树生长发育与胁迫响应过程中的基因调控网络与信号通路;优化体细胞发生和遗传转化体系,攻克栎树遗传改良和基因资源开发技术瓶颈。②促进栎树研究体系的广度拓展。随着壳斗科其他树种全基因组序列的公布,基于从分子到群落的不同生物层次的模式系统,将对欧亚大陆和北美不同区域的栎树,包括白栎组、红栎组、冬青栎组、麻栎组等不同栎树类群,以及壳斗科其他属树种基因组生物学研究产生深远影响。③关注栎树资源利用的遗传与发育主题。用栎树基因组资源对其结构的、代谢的和农艺性状的差异及其优化加以解析,全基因组关联研究(GWAS)也将应用于栎树,从而为阐释木材发育和木栓形成的机制奠定基础。④聚焦栎林保育的生态与进化主题。在全球气候变化背景下,通过增加耐受胁迫的基因型,以缓解气候变化对森林生态系统的影响。同时维持和保护栎树在自然生态系统中的生态与进化过程,阐明栎树多样性、迁移与适应、趋异与趋同生态适应等方面进化成功的机制。

Oaks are important economic and ecological tree species in the northern Hemisphere,and are colloquially known as the“tree of life”or the“frame of civilization”.The publication of several oak genomes,such as those of Quercus robur,Q.lobata and Q.acutissima,has a profound impact on oak biology.In the past five years,numerous topics in oak biology have been investigated,including the systematic evolution and species identification,gene introgression and adaptive evolution,landscape genomics and ecological conservation,biological coexistence and interaction mechanism,secondary metabolism and growth and development,DNA methylation and epigenetic regulation,genes and longevity mechanisms.The expected development trends include four aspects:highlighting the in-depth application of oak genome resources,promoting extension of oak study systems,emphasizing topics in genetics and development for utilization of oak resources,and highlighting themes in ecology and evolution for conservation of oak forests.