精神概念辨析

Critique of Spiritual Conceptions

人就其本性而言是精神动物,精神是人类高于、优于万物的特性和标志。弘扬人的精神,丰富人民的精神生活,需要更准确地理解精神概念并形成普遍共识。精神是人类在进化过程中获得的、使人真正成为人的后发性高级心理系统,它以知识为基础、以意识为前提、以观念为源泉,由主导观念、最高理想和基本信念构成,具有强大的实践力量。人类只有在开发精神需要并追求其满足的过程中通过培育才能构建和完善其精神系统。精神具有构建性、主体性、人类性、超越性、真理性、体系性等六个主要特征,这些特征显示了精神与其他普通心理现象的区别,也显示了人的高贵和伟大。精神概念与心理、意识、心灵等概念关系密切,尤其与灵魂概念的含义相近,可以说灵魂就是一种完善性精神。肉体是精神的载体,精神对肉体存在着依赖性,但从精神作为真理、文本的意义看,它是不依赖肉体的,只会作为基因通过个体的肉体遗传,也最终要体现在以肉体存在为前提的个人身上。

Man is a spiritual animal in terms of his nature, and spirit is the characteristic and symbol that human beings are superior to all things. To promote human spirit and enrich people’s spiritual life, we need to understand the concept of spirit more accurately and form a universal consensus. Spirit is the advanced psychological epigenetic system acquired by human beings in the process of evolution. It is based on knowledge, presupposed by consciousness, and originated from ideas. It is composed of leading ideas,highest ideals, and basic beliefs, and has strong practical power. Only in the process of developing spiritual needs and pursuing their satisfaction can human beings construct and improve their spiritual system through cultivation. Spirit has six main characteristics:constructiveness, subjectivity, humanity, transcendence, truth and systemicity. These characteristics show the difference between spirit and other ordinary psychological phenomena, and also show the nobility and greatness of human beings.The concept of spirit is closely related to such concepts as psychology, consciousness and mind, especially the concept of soul. It can be said that soul is a kind of perfect spirit. The body is the carrier of the spirit, and the spirit depends on the body. However,from the perspective of the significance of the spirit as truth and text, it does not rely on the body. It will only be inherited through the body of the individual as a gene, it should also be embodied in the individual who takes the physical existence as the premise.