花生专用缓释复混肥分层条施促进花生根系生长、产量形成及氮素利用

Band application of peanut-specific slow-release compound fertilizer at different soil depths promotes the root growth,yield performance and nitrogen utilization of peanut

【目的】深入探究肥料分层条施对花生根系生长、氮素利用效率及荚果产量的调节作用,丰富花生全程可控施肥理论与技术。【方法】2019年在莒南和2019—2020年在济阳开展大田试验,设人工撒施(B)、肥料机械分层条施(L)两种施肥方式,选择普通复合肥(CF)、含有100天释放期的花生专用缓释复混肥(SF),另设不施氮肥对照(N0)共5个处理。分析花生根系在0—10、10—20 cm土层的分布及花生产量和产量构成因素。【结果】与普通复合肥处理(CF)相比,花生专用缓释复混肥(SFB、SFL)的荚果产量提高了3.6%~11.7%(莒南)和5.5%~13.2%(济阳)。肥料分层条施比人工撒施平均增产6.5%~14.8%(莒南)、10.4%~20.7%(济阳)。SFL比CFB平均增产19.0%(2019年莒南)、24.9%(2019年济阳)和27.3%(2020年济阳)。从产量构成因素来看,单株结果数、饱果数、百果重是荚果产量增加的基础。与人工撒施相比较,肥料分层条施处理显著提高了结荚期花生株间40—60 cm土层、行间20—60 cm土层深度的单位体积根系干重和根长,增加了深层根系的分布比例,促使根系向横向和纵向发展。与CFB相比,SFL成熟期荚果干物质分配比例提高5.8个百分点(莒南)和5.7个百分点(济阳),荚果氮素分配比例增加4.2个百分点(莒南)和4.6个百分点(济阳)。施肥方式和肥料类型均显著影响花生氮素利用,分层条施花生专用缓释复混肥(SFL)较复合肥人工撒施处理(CFB)氮肥偏生产力分别提高了22.7%(2019年莒南)、28.8%(2019年济阳)、31.2%(2020年济阳),其氮肥农学效率分别提高了120.9%(2019年莒南)、125.4%(2019年济阳)、145.1%(2020年济阳)。【结论】采用分层条施方法施肥可提高花生产量和氮素利用效率。花生专用缓释复混肥的增产效果优于普通复合肥。花生专用缓释复混肥采用机械分层条施是提高氮素利用率和增加花生荚果产量的有效措施。

【Objectives】Methods of fertilization in layer and strip were experimented in peanut to investigate effectiveness of slow-release fertilizer for peanut production.【Methods】Field experiments were carried out in Ju’nan in 2019 and Jiyang in 2019 and 2020,respectively.Two fertilization methods were used:manual surface broadcast(B)and mechanical band application in different soil layers(L),the tested fertilizer included common compound fertilizer(CF)and slow-release compound fertilizer specific for peanut(SF)in each method,no nitrogen fertilizer served as the control(N0).The root distribution at 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm soil layers were analyzed,and the yield and yield component were investigated.【Results】Compared with CF,SF increased peanut pod yield by 3.6%-11.7% in Ju’nan and 5.5%-13.2% in Jiyang;and L method increased a pot yield by 6.5%-14.8% and 10.4%-20.7% than B method in Ju’nan and Jiyang,respectively.SFL increased peanut yield by 19.0% in Ju’nan,and 24.9% in Jiyang in 2019 and 27.3% in 2020,compared with CFB.SFL treatment resulted in higher total and full pod number per plant and 100-kennel weight than CFB.L method significantly increased the dry weight and length of peanut root at 40-60 cm soil layer between plants and 20-60 cm layer between plant rows,increased the distribution proportion of deep roots along horizontal and vertical direction.SF and L methods enhanced the leaf SPAD values,stimulated the dry matter and N accumulation of plant across the growth stages.Compared with CFB,SFL increased the distribution proportion of dry matter in pods at mature stage by 5.8 and 5.7 percentage points,and increased the distribution proportion of N in pods by 4.2and 4.6 percentage points in Ju’nan and Jiyang,respectively.It also increased the partial productivity of nitrogen fertilizer by 22.7% and 28.8%-31.2% and increased nitrogen agronomic efficiency by 120.9% and 125.4%-145.1% in Ju’nan and Jiyang,respectively.【Conclusions】Fertilizer application in layer and strip by machine is more beneficial than traditional broadcast in terms of root development,dry matter and N accumulation,and the translocation of N to pods.Slow-release compound fertilizer specific for peanut enhances yield than the conventional compound fertilizer.Hence,band application of the slow-release compound fertilizer in different soil layers is an effective way in regulating peanut nutrient supply across growing periods.