印度学徒制百年:发展历程、实施路径与面临挑战

A Century of Apprenticeship in India: Development Process,Implementation Path and Challenges

印度于1920年引入学徒培训计划,至今已历经百年,其发展历程可分为建立、发展与完善三个阶段。印度政府采取多种路径推动学徒制发展,包括实施分类负责、多主体协同的管理;开发专门网站以提升信息沟通效率;对学徒培训实行全过程的质量管理;赋予企业自主权以增强内部推动力;注重培养提升学徒“软技能”。印度学徒制虽取得一定成效,但仍面临一些挑战:学徒数量远远不足、企业参与程度不高、弱势群体参与比例较低以及工业4.0时代对新型技能人才的需求增加。基于此,认为印度学徒制的发展趋势是:打造“集群”模式,提高中小型企业参与度;加大宣传力度,营造良好技能培训氛围;关注最新技能,与国际技能发展相接轨;紧跟产业变化,扩展学徒培训实施领域。

The apprenticeship training scheme was introduced in India in 1920. So far, the development of apprenticeship system has gone through a hundred years, which can be divided into three stages: establishment,development and improvement. The government has adopted a variety of ways to promote the development of apprenticeship: implementing classified responsible and multi-subject coordinated management;developing specialized website to improve the efficiency of information communication;implementing the quality management of the whole process of apprentice training;empowering enterprises to enhance internal motivation;focusing on developing and improving the "soft skills" of apprentices. Although apprenticeship system in India has achieved certain results, it still faces some challenges: the number of apprenticeships is far from enough, the level of enterprise participation is not high, the participation rate of disadvantaged groups is low and the demand for new skills is increasing in the era of Industry 4.0. The development trend of Apprenticeship in India is to create a "cluster" model to increase the participation of small and medium-sized enterprises, increase publicity and create a good skill training atmosphere, focus on the latest skills and in line with international skills development, keep up with industry changes and expand the field of apprenticeship training implementation.